A convenient and cost-effective method for monitoring marine algal toxins with passive samplers

Passive sampling disks were developed based on the method of MacKenzie, L., Beuzenberg, V., Holland, P., McNabb, P., Selwood, A. [2004. Solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT): a new monitoring tool that simulates the biotoxin contamination of filter feeding bivalves. Toxicon 44, 901–918] and...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Toxicon (Oxford) 2009-04, Vol.53 (5), p.543-550
Main Authors: Rundberget, Thomas, Gustad, Eli, Samdal, Ingunn A., Sandvik, Morten, Miles, Christopher O.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adsorption
Algal toxin
Animal poisons toxicology. Antivenoms
Animals
Azaspiracid
Biological and medical sciences
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Dinophysis
Dinophysistoxin
Environmental Monitoring - instrumentation
Environmental Monitoring - methods
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Eukaryota - chemistry
Marine
Marine Toxins - analysis
Mass Spectrometry
Medical sciences
Mytilus edulis
Mytilus edulis - chemistry
Norway
Okadaic acid
Passive sampling
Plant poisons toxicology
Seawater - chemistry
Shellfish toxin
Toxicology
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Summary:Passive sampling disks were developed based on the method of MacKenzie, L., Beuzenberg, V., Holland, P., McNabb, P., Selwood, A. [2004. Solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT): a new monitoring tool that simulates the biotoxin contamination of filter feeding bivalves. Toxicon 44, 901–918] and protocols were formulated for recovering toxins from the adsorbent resin via elution from small columns. The disks were used in field studies to monitor in situ toxin dynamics during mixed algal blooms at Flødevigen in Norway. Examples are given from time-integrated sampling using the disks followed by extraction and high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) analysis for azaspiracids, okadaic acid analogues, pectenotoxins, yessotoxins and spirolides. Profiles of accumulated toxins in the disks and toxin profiles in blue mussels ( Mytilus edulis) were compared with the relative abundance of toxin-producing algal species. Results obtained showed that passive sampling disks correlate with the toxin profiles in shellfish. The passive sampling disks were cheap to produce and convenient to use and, when combined with HPLC–MS or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis, provide detailed time-averaged information on the profile of lipophilic toxin analogues in the water. Passive sampling is therefore a useful tool for monitoring the exposure of shellfish to the toxigenic algae of concern in northern Europe.
ISSN:0041-0101
1879-3150
DOI:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.010