Brominated Flame Retardants in the Atmosphere of the East-Central United States

• Published in: Environmental science & technology 2005-10, Vol.39 (20), p.7794-7802
• Main Authors: Hoh, Eunha, Hites, Ronald A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air Movements; Air Pollutants - analysis; Applied sciences; Atmosphere - analysis; Atmospheric chemistry; Atmospheric pollution; Chemicals; Chromatography, Liquid; Environmental Monitoring - statistics & numerical data; Exact sciences and technology; Flame retardants; Flame Retardants - analysis; Hydrocarbons, Brominated - analysis; Mass Spectrometry; Models, Theoretical; Overproduction; Pollutants physicochemistry study: properties, effects, reactions, transport and distribution; Pollution; United States
• ISSN: 0013-936X; 1520-5851
• DOI: 10.1021/es050718k

Air samples were collected at five sites (urban, semiurban, agricultural, and remote) from Lake Michigan through the U. S. Midwest to the Gulf of Mexico every 12 days during 2002−2003 using high-volume samplers so that we could study the spatial trends of brominated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (TBE)). The mean ΣPBDE atmospheric concentration was 100 ± 35 pg/m3 at the Chicago site, which was 3−6 times higher than that at the other sites. The ΣPBDE atmospheric concentrations at the Chicago site were significantly higher than previous measurements made in 1997−1999. Unlike these former measurements, BDE-209 is now relatively abundant. Lower BDEs (tri- through hex-BDEs) were detected in both the particle and the gas phases, and the partitioning of these compounds between phases was highly dependent on atmospheric temperature. Higher BDEs (hepta- through deca-BDEs) were mostly detected in the particle phase. On the basis of the congener distributions in the samples, the concentrations were divided into three groups:  penta-BDEs, octa-BDEs, and deca-BDEs. Penta-BDEs were the most concentrated at the Chicago site and the least concentrated at the Louisiana site; octa-BDE concentrations were low at all of the sites; deca-BDEs were the most concentrated at the Chicago site and notably high at the Arkansas site. High concentrations of deca-BDEs, HBCDs, and TBE at the Arkansas site suggest that manufacturing areas in southern Arkansas could be the source regions. Backward trajectories for air masses with high concentrations of deca-BDEs coming to the Arkansas site suggest that deca-BDEs bound to particles can move long distances from source regions to nonsource regions.