Anaerobic Metabolism of 1-Amino-2-Naphthol-Based Azo Dyes (Sudan Dyes) by Human Intestinal Microflora

The rates of metabolism of Sudan I and II and Para Red by human intestinal microflora were high compared to those of Sudan III and IV under anaerobic conditions. Metabolites of the dyes were identified as aniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, o-toluidine, and 4-nitroaniline through high-performance liquid c...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007-12, Vol.73 (23), p.7759-7762
Main Authors: Xu, Haiyan, Heinze, Thomas M, Chen, Siwei, Cerniglia, Carl E, Chen, Huizhong
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anaerobiosis
Aniline Compounds - chemistry
Aniline Compounds - metabolism
Azo Compounds - chemistry
Azo Compounds - metabolism
Bacteria - metabolism
Biodegradation
Biological and medical sciences
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Humans
Intestines - microbiology
Microbiology
Molecular Structure
Naphthols - chemistry
Naphthols - metabolism
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Toluidines - chemistry
Toluidines - metabolism
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Summary:The rates of metabolism of Sudan I and II and Para Red by human intestinal microflora were high compared to those of Sudan III and IV under anaerobic conditions. Metabolites of the dyes were identified as aniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, o-toluidine, and 4-nitroaniline through high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analyses. These data indicate that human intestinal bacteria are able to reduce Sudan dyes to form potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines.
ISSN:0099-2240
1098-5336
DOI:10.1128/AEM.01410-07