Top 20 environmental weeds for classical biological control in Europe: a review of opportunities, regulations and other barriers to adoption

• Published in: Weed research 2006-04, Vol.46 (2), p.93-117
• Main Authors: Sheppard, A.W, Shaw, R.H, Sforza, R
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acacia; agricultural law; Ailanthus; Azolla; Biological and medical sciences; biological control; biological control agents; Biological control and other methods; Buddleja; classical biological control; European Union; Fallopia; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Impatiens; innovation adoption; integrated weed management; introduced species; invasive species; literature reviews; Parasitic plants. Weeds; Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection; plant pathogens; public opinion; regulatory environment; Rhododendron; Robinia; Senecio; Weeds
• ISSN: 0043-1737; 1365-3180
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2006.00497.x

Summary Classical biological control remains the only tool available for permanent ecological and economic management of invasive alien species that flourish through absence of their co‐evolved natural enemies. As such, this approach is recognized as a key tool for alien species management by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) and the European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species (ESIAS). Successful classical biological control programmes abound around the world, despite disproportionate attention being given to occasional and predictable non‐target impacts. Despite more than 130 case histories in Europe against insect pests, no exotic classical biological control agent has been released in the EU against an alien invasive weed. This dearth has occurred in the face of increasing numbers of exotic invasive plants being imported and taking over National Parks, forests and amenity areas in this region, as well as a global increase in the use of classical biological control around the world. This paper reviews potential European weed targets for classical biological control from ecological and socioeconomic perspectives using the criteria of historical biological control success, taxonomic isolation from European native flora, likely availability of biological control agents, invasiveness outside Europe and value to primary industry and horticulture (potential for conflicts of interest). We also review why classical biological control of European exotic plants remains untested, considering problems of funding and public perception. Finally, we consider the regulatory framework that surrounds such biological control activities within constituent countries of the EU to suggest how this approach may be adopted in the future for managing invasive exotic weeds in Europe.