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Use of biocidal products (insect sprays and electro-vaporizer) in indoor areas – Exposure scenarios and exposure modeling
Five commercially available insect sprays were applied in a model room. Spraying was performed in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions and in an overdosed manner in order to simulate worst-case conditions or an unforeseeable misuse. In addition, we examined electro-vaporizers. The Respico...
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Published in: | International journal of hygiene and environmental health 2009-09, Vol.212 (5), p.505-518 |
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Main Authors: | , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
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Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | Five commercially available insect sprays were applied in a model room. Spraying was performed in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions and in an overdosed manner in order to simulate worst-case conditions or an unforeseeable misuse. In addition, we examined electro-vaporizers. The Respicon™ aerosol monitoring system was applied to determine inhalation exposure. During normal spraying (10 seconds) and during the following 2–3 minutes, exposure concentrations ranged from 70 to 590
μg/m
3 for the pyrethroids tetramethrin, d-phenothrin, cyfluthrin, bioallethrin, and the pyrethrins. Calculated inhalable doses were 2–16
μg. A concentration of approximately 850
μg chlorpyrifos/m
3 (inhalable dose: approximately 20
μg) was determined when the “Contra insect fly spray” was applied. Highest exposure concentrations (1100–2100
μg/m
3) were measured for piperonyl butoxide (PBO), corresponding to an inhalation intake of 30–60
μg. When simulating worst-case conditions, exposure concentrations of 200–3400
μg/m
3 and inhalable doses of 10–210
μg were determined for the various active substances. Highest concentrations (4800–8000
μg/m
3) were measured for PBO (inhalable: 290–480
μg).
By applying the electro-vaporizer “Nexa Lotte” plug-in mosquito killer concentrations for d-allethrin were in the range of 5–12
μg/m
3 and 0.5–2
μg/m
3 for PBO while with the “Paral” plug-in mosquito killer concentrations of 0.4–5
μg/m
3 for pyrethrins and 1–7
μg/m
3 for PBO were measured.
Potential dermal exposures were determined using exposure pads. Between 80 and 1000
μg active substance (tetramethrin, phenothrin, cyfluthrin, bioallethrin, pyrethrins, chlorpyrifos) were deposited on the clothing of the total body surface area of the spray user. Highest levels (up to 3000
μg) were determined for PBO. Worst-case uses of the sprays led to 5–9 times higher concentrations.
Also a 2-hour stay nearby an operating electro-vaporizer led to a contamination of the clothing (total amounts on the whole body were 450
μg d-allethrin and 50
μg PBO for “Nexa Lotte” plug-in mosquito killer and 80
μg pyrethrins and 190
μg PBO for “Paral” plug-in mosquito killer).
Human biomonitoring data revealed urine concentrations of the metabolite (E)-trans-chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid ((E)-trans-CDCA) between 1.7
μg/l and 7.1
μg/l after 5 minutes of exposure to the different sprays. Also the use of electro-vaporizers led to (E)-trans-CDCA concentrations in the urine in the range of 1.0
μg/l to 6.2
μg/l (1–3 |
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ISSN: | 1438-4639 1618-131X |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.02.001 |