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Dilution correction for dynamically influenced urinary analyte data

Urinary analyte data has to be corrected for the sample specific dilution as the dilution varies intra- and interpersonally dramatically, leading to non-comparable concentration measures. Most methods of dilution correction utilized nowadays like probabilistic quotient normalization or total spectra...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Analytica chimica acta 2018-11, Vol.1032, p.18-31
Main Authors: Hertel, Johannes, Rotter, Markus, Frenzel, Stefan, Zacharias, Helena U., Krumsiek, Jan, Rathkolb, Birgit, Hrabe de Angelis, Martin, Rabstein, Sylvia, Pallapies, Dirk, Brüning, Thomas, Grabe, Hans J., Wang-Sattler, Rui
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Language:English
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Summary:Urinary analyte data has to be corrected for the sample specific dilution as the dilution varies intra- and interpersonally dramatically, leading to non-comparable concentration measures. Most methods of dilution correction utilized nowadays like probabilistic quotient normalization or total spectra normalization result in a division of the raw data by a dilution correction factor. Here, however, we show that the implicit assumption behind the application of division, log-linearity between the urinary flow rate and the raw urinary concentration, does not hold for analytes which are not in steady state in blood. We explicate the physiological reason for this short-coming in mathematical terms and demonstrate the empirical consequences via simulations and on multiple time-point metabolomic data, showing the insufficiency of division-based normalization procedures to account for the complex non-linear analyte specific dependencies on the urinary flow rate. By reformulating normalization as a regression problem, we propose an analyte specific way to remove the dilution variance via a flexible non-linear regression methodology which then was shown to be more effective in comparison to division-based normalization procedures. In the progress, we developed several, easily applicable methods of normalization diagnostics to decide on the method of dilution correction in a given sample. On the way, we identified furthermore the time-span since last urination as an important variance factor in urinary metabolome data which is until now completely neglected. In conclusion, we present strong theoretical and empirical evidence that normalization has to be analyte specific in dynamically influenced data. Accordingly, we developed a normalization methodology for removing the dilution variance in urinary data respecting the single analyte kinetics. [Display omitted] •Division-based dilution correction implicitly assumes constant blood concentrations.•The time-span since last urination is an important variance factor in urinary data.•In dynamic data, each analyte needs its own dilution correction function.•The efficiency of dilution correction can be tested via diagnostic graphs.•Regression-based correction outperforms division-based methods in dynamic data.
ISSN:0003-2670
1873-4324
DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.068