Balancing the budget of environmental estrogen exposure: the contribution of recycled water

Estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds (e-EDCs) are present in treated sewage and there is concern about estrogenicity of potable recycled water. However e-EDCs are also present in other environmental media and intake from water needs to be considered in relation to these other sources. The conce...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Water science and technology 2009-01, Vol.60 (4), p.1003-1012
Main Authors: Leusch, Frederic D L, Moore, Michael R, Chapman, Heather F
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
17β-Estradiol
Birth control
Bisphenol A
Cadmium
Conservation of Natural Resources
Diet
Dietary intake
Drinking water
Endocrine disruptors
Endocrine Disruptors - analysis
Environmental Exposure - analysis
Estrogens
Estrogens - analysis
Feeding Behavior
Food
Hormone replacement therapy
Milk
Oestrogens
Pesticides
Phytosterols
Plant-based beverages
Pollutants
Sewage
Sewage treatment
Sex hormones
Soy products
Surfactants
Treated sewage
Wastewater treatment
Water - chemistry
Water demand
Water reuse
Water Supply - analysis
Xenoestrogens
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Summary:Estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds (e-EDCs) are present in treated sewage and there is concern about estrogenicity of potable recycled water. However e-EDCs are also present in other environmental media and intake from water needs to be considered in relation to these other sources. The concentrations of 13 e-EDCs in foodstuffs and drinking water are reviewed, their predicted concentrations in recycled water are estimated, and the daily estrogenic intake as 17beta-estradiol equivalent (EEq) based on both in vitro and in vivo potencies is calculated as 1.39 and 9.65 microg EEq/d, respectively. Dietary intake accounts for more than 99.8% of that total, and more than 84.2% is due to phytosterols. Drinking 2 L of recycled water per day is expected to add 0.001 to 0.016 microg EEq/d based on in vitro and in vivo potencies, respectively. Exposure to e-EDCs in recycled water is therefore likely to be insignificant compared to current dietary intakes.
ISSN:0273-1223
1996-9732
DOI:10.2166/wst.2009.398