Salivary proteome patterns of individuals exposed to High Altitude

• Published in: Archives of oral biology 2018-12, Vol.96, p.104-112
• Main Authors: Jain, Shikha, Ahmad, Yasmin, Bhargava, Kalpana
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 2-Dimesional gel electrophoresis; Adult; Altitude; Apoptosis Inducing Factor - metabolism; Carbonic Anhydrases - metabolism; Case-Control Studies; Dentistry; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Humans; Hypobaric hypoxia; Hypoxia; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Oxidative Stress; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase - metabolism; Prolactin - metabolism; Proteomics - methods; saliva; Salivary Cystatins - metabolism; Salivary Proteins and Peptides - metabolism
• ISSN: 0003-9969; 1879-1506
• DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.09.002

•Saliva is an indicator of oxidative stress occurred due to high altitude exposure.•High altitude exposure modulates the salivary proteome.•Cystatin S and SN, carbonic anhydrase 6 and apoptosis inducing factor 2 are up-regulated.•Alpha-enolase and prolactin inducible protein are down-regulated. Identification of molecular signatures having key roles in hypobaric hypoxia by analysing the salivary proteome. Saliva holds a promising future in the search for new clinical biomarkers that are easily accessible, less complex, accurate, and cost effective as well as being non-invasive. We employed qualitative proteomics approach to develop discriminatory biomarker signatures from human saliva exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. Salivary proteins were analyzed and compared between age-matched healthy subjects exposed to high altitude (∼13700 ft) for seven days (HAD7) with control subjects at sea level (Normoxia) by using 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry approach. Several proteins with significant differential expression were found. The up-regulated proteins were apoptosis inducing factor-2, cystatin S, cystatin SN and carbonic anhydrase 6. The down regulated proteins were polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, alpha-enolase and prolactin-inducible protein. Further confirmation of the altered proteins such as alpha enolase, carbonic anhydrase 6, prolactin-inducible protein, apoptosis inducing factor 2, cystatin S and cystatin SN were performed using immunoblotting. The expression patterns of the selected proteins observed by immunoblot were in concurrence with 2-Dimesional gel electrophoresis results, therefore affirming the authenticity of the proteomic investigation. This study provides the proof of concept of salivary biomarkers for the non-invasive detection of hypobaric hypoxia induced effects. It is highly feasible to turn these biomarkers into an applicable clinical test after large scale validation.