Nε-carboxymethyllysine in nutritional milk formulas for infants

•Infant formula with higher whey% had higher NƐ-carboxymethyllysine (CML) levels.•Formula using intact protein compared with hydrolysed whey, had lower CML levels.•Goat milk formula had 7 to 12-fold less CML compared with cow milk formula.•Western blot detected higher CML levels in whey proteins com...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Food chemistry 2019-02, Vol.274, p.886-890
Main Authors: Prosser, Colin G., Carpenter, Elizabeth A., Hodgkinson, Alison J.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Advanced glycation end-products
Animals
casein
Caseins - chemistry
Cattle
Cow milk
cows
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
food chemistry
Glycation End Products, Advanced - analysis
Goat milk
Goats
heat
Humans
Hydrolysis
immunoblotting
Infant
Infant formula
Infant Formula - analysis
infant formulas
lactose
lysine
Lysine - analogs & derivatives
Lysine - analysis
microbiological quality
milk
NƐ-carboxymethyllysine
temperature
whey
Whey - chemistry
whey protein
Whey Proteins - analysis
Whey Proteins - chemistry
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Summary:•Infant formula with higher whey% had higher NƐ-carboxymethyllysine (CML) levels.•Formula using intact protein compared with hydrolysed whey, had lower CML levels.•Goat milk formula had 7 to 12-fold less CML compared with cow milk formula.•Western blot detected higher CML levels in whey proteins compared with caseins.•Whey addition to infant formula is a significant contributor to CML levels. Production of infant formulas involves high temperature processing for microbiological safety. However, heat processes generate Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), including Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) formed between lysine and lactose. Formulas manufactured from cow or goat milk, with or without whey adjustment, or hydrolysates of cow whey proteins, were tested for CML levels using a commercially available ELISA kit. CML concentrations ranged from 2 to 210 µg/g protein in formulas containing intact proteins. Median CML concentrations were up to 3-fold greater in formulas containing 60% whey protein compared with 20% whey protein, for both cow and goat formulas. Goat milk formulas contained 7 to 12-fold less CML than cow milk formulas. Formulas made from intact proteins contained lower CML compared to formulas using whey hydrolysates. Western immunoblotting techniques detected higher CML levels in whey proteins compared with casein. This study showed whey addition to infant formula significantly contributes to CML levels.
ISSN:0308-8146
1873-7072
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.069