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Reduction in methamphetamine consumption trends from 2015 to 2018 detected by wastewater-based epidemiology in Dalian, China

•Wastewater analysis was used to access temporal trends in methamphetamine use.•NH4-N as the biomarker was used to estimate the population size.•Obvious reduction of methamphetamine use was found in four-year monitoring.•The decreasing trends could be due to the strict crack-down on illicit drugs. W...

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Published in:Drug and alcohol dependence 2019-01, Vol.194, p.302-309
Main Authors: Wang, Zhe, Shao, Xue-Ting, Tan, Dong-Qin, Yan, Ji-Hao, Xiao, Yang, Zheng, Qiu-Da, Pei, Wei, Wang, Zhuang, Wang, De-Gao
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cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-c971dbbfc7668947fffd7e0c91e4687d6d90f9959ce90084357189e2f9d27c043
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-c971dbbfc7668947fffd7e0c91e4687d6d90f9959ce90084357189e2f9d27c043
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container_title Drug and alcohol dependence
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creator Wang, Zhe
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description •Wastewater analysis was used to access temporal trends in methamphetamine use.•NH4-N as the biomarker was used to estimate the population size.•Obvious reduction of methamphetamine use was found in four-year monitoring.•The decreasing trends could be due to the strict crack-down on illicit drugs. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become a useful tool in long-term or short-term continuous monitoring of illicit drugs consumption over the world. We investigated the trend of methamphetamine (METH) use between 2015 and 2018 through WBE in Dalian, a typical Chinese city. Samples were collected in 11 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). An analytical method, solid-phase extraction combined with trifluoroacetic anhydride derivatization prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was applied to detect METH concentrations. During the sampling period, the METH concentrations increased slowly from 315 ± 243 ng/L in 2015 to 523 ± 549 ng/L in 2016, followed by a significant decrease with the concentrations 188 ± 187 ng/L in 2017 and 54.6 ± 42.9 ng/L in 2018. Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) was applied to estimate population size. The average coefficient of variation for population in 11 WWTPs was 35.3 ± 8.9%, reflecting the dynamic variations of population effectively. For METH consumption, there was a gradual increase from 2015 (231 mg/day/1000 people) to 2016 (414 mg/day/1000 people) and a significant linear decrease to 2017 (206 mg/day/1000 people) and 2018 (53.9 mg/day/1000 people). The prevalence of METH increased from 2015 (0.78%) to 2016 (1.06%), then decreased to 2017 (0.55%) and 2018 (0.17%), showed similar trends with the consumption. The obvious reduction trends of METH consumption via WBE over the period in Dalian provides objective evidence for declined METH consumption in local population. The reduction is probably due to the severe crack-down of illicit drugs by the government.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.023
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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become a useful tool in long-term or short-term continuous monitoring of illicit drugs consumption over the world. We investigated the trend of methamphetamine (METH) use between 2015 and 2018 through WBE in Dalian, a typical Chinese city. Samples were collected in 11 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). An analytical method, solid-phase extraction combined with trifluoroacetic anhydride derivatization prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was applied to detect METH concentrations. During the sampling period, the METH concentrations increased slowly from 315 ± 243 ng/L in 2015 to 523 ± 549 ng/L in 2016, followed by a significant decrease with the concentrations 188 ± 187 ng/L in 2017 and 54.6 ± 42.9 ng/L in 2018. Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) was applied to estimate population size. The average coefficient of variation for population in 11 WWTPs was 35.3 ± 8.9%, reflecting the dynamic variations of population effectively. For METH consumption, there was a gradual increase from 2015 (231 mg/day/1000 people) to 2016 (414 mg/day/1000 people) and a significant linear decrease to 2017 (206 mg/day/1000 people) and 2018 (53.9 mg/day/1000 people). The prevalence of METH increased from 2015 (0.78%) to 2016 (1.06%), then decreased to 2017 (0.55%) and 2018 (0.17%), showed similar trends with the consumption. The obvious reduction trends of METH consumption via WBE over the period in Dalian provides objective evidence for declined METH consumption in local population. 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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become a useful tool in long-term or short-term continuous monitoring of illicit drugs consumption over the world. We investigated the trend of methamphetamine (METH) use between 2015 and 2018 through WBE in Dalian, a typical Chinese city. Samples were collected in 11 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). An analytical method, solid-phase extraction combined with trifluoroacetic anhydride derivatization prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was applied to detect METH concentrations. During the sampling period, the METH concentrations increased slowly from 315 ± 243 ng/L in 2015 to 523 ± 549 ng/L in 2016, followed by a significant decrease with the concentrations 188 ± 187 ng/L in 2017 and 54.6 ± 42.9 ng/L in 2018. Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) was applied to estimate population size. The average coefficient of variation for population in 11 WWTPs was 35.3 ± 8.9%, reflecting the dynamic variations of population effectively. For METH consumption, there was a gradual increase from 2015 (231 mg/day/1000 people) to 2016 (414 mg/day/1000 people) and a significant linear decrease to 2017 (206 mg/day/1000 people) and 2018 (53.9 mg/day/1000 people). The prevalence of METH increased from 2015 (0.78%) to 2016 (1.06%), then decreased to 2017 (0.55%) and 2018 (0.17%), showed similar trends with the consumption. The obvious reduction trends of METH consumption via WBE over the period in Dalian provides objective evidence for declined METH consumption in local population. 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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become a useful tool in long-term or short-term continuous monitoring of illicit drugs consumption over the world. We investigated the trend of methamphetamine (METH) use between 2015 and 2018 through WBE in Dalian, a typical Chinese city. Samples were collected in 11 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). An analytical method, solid-phase extraction combined with trifluoroacetic anhydride derivatization prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was applied to detect METH concentrations. During the sampling period, the METH concentrations increased slowly from 315 ± 243 ng/L in 2015 to 523 ± 549 ng/L in 2016, followed by a significant decrease with the concentrations 188 ± 187 ng/L in 2017 and 54.6 ± 42.9 ng/L in 2018. Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) was applied to estimate population size. 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source Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); ScienceDirect Freedom Collection; ScienceDirect®
subjects Ammonium
Anhydrides
Coefficient of variation
Consumption
Drug abuse
Drugs
Epidemiology
Extraction
Gas chromatography
Local population
Long-term monitoring
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Mathematical analysis
Methamphetamine
Municipal wastewater
Nitrogen
Population
Reduction
Reduction trend
Sampling
Solid phases
Spectrometry
Trends
Trifluoroacetic anhydride
Wastewater
Wastewater treatment plants
Wastewater-based epidemiology
Water treatment
title Reduction in methamphetamine consumption trends from 2015 to 2018 detected by wastewater-based epidemiology in Dalian, China
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