Psychological Constraints on Aggressive Predation in Economic Contests

When humans compete, they invest energy and effort to injure others and to protect against injury and exploitation. The psychology behind exploiting others and protecting against exploitation is still poorly understood and is addressed here in an incentivized economic contest game in which individua...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of experimental psychology. General 2019-10, Vol.148 (10), p.1767-1781
Main Authors: De Dreu, Carsten K. W., Giacomantonio, Mauro, Giffin, Michael R., Vecchiato, Giovanni
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aggression - psychology
Aggressive Behavior
Cognition & reasoning
Cognition - physiology
Cognitive Control
Competition
Competitive Behavior - physiology
Decision Making
Economics
Empathy
Exploitation
Human
Humans
Male
Preferences
Social Behavior
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Summary:When humans compete, they invest energy and effort to injure others and to protect against injury and exploitation. The psychology behind exploiting others and protecting against exploitation is still poorly understood and is addressed here in an incentivized economic contest game in which individuals invested in predatory attack and prey defense. Consistent with standard economic theory on production and predation, we find that individuals compete less intensely when they attack rather than defend and that attacks disproportionally often fail. We find, furthermore, 2 psychological mechanisms that restrain attack more than defense. First, individuals with stronger concern for others' welfare (Experiment 1a) and with stronger empathy (Experiment 1b) less frequently attack and when they attack, they do so less forcefully. Second, shorter decision times (Experiment 2a and Experiment 2b), along with cognitive taxation (Experiment 2b) associate with more forceful, but not with more frequent attack. Finally, investments in defense were neither predicted by other-concern and empathy, nor by decision time and cognitive taxation. Thus, individuals with stronger prosocial preferences and more deliberated decisions spent less energy on injuring others, and less often defeated their antagonists but ended-up personally wealthier. The waste of conflict can be reduced by strengthening prosocial preferences and cognitive resources available for deliberate decision-making.
ISSN:0096-3445
1939-2222
DOI:10.1037/xge0000531