Perinatal risk factors for visuospatial attention and processing dysfunctions at 1 year of age in children born between 26 and 32 weeks

• Published in: Early human development 2019-03, Vol.130, p.71-79
• Main Authors: Kooiker, M.J.G., Swarte, R.M.C., Smit, L.S., Reiss, I.K.M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Children born preterm; Eye tracking; Neurological damage; Perinatal risk factors; Visual processing; Visuospatial attention orienting
• ISSN: 0378-3782; 1872-6232
• DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.01.015

Children born preterm are at risk of visuospatial attention orienting and processing dysfunctions, which can be quantified early in life using visually-guided eye movement responses. To identify the prevalence and perinatal risk factors for visuospatial attention orienting and processing dysfunctions in children born preterm of 1 year of corrected age (CA). 123 children born between 26 and 33 weeks of gestation underwent a nonverbal visuospatial test at 1y CA, using an eye tracking-based paradigm. For the detected high-salient (cartoon and contrast), intermediate-salient (form and motion) and low-salient (color) stimuli, we quantified the reaction time to fixation (RTF). RTFs were compared to normative references from an age-matched control group (N = 38). The prevalence of perinatal risk factors (gestational age and weight, indices of neurological damage, overal sickness, respiratory failure, and retinopathy) was compared between the groups with normal and delayed RTFs. At 1y CA, the preterm group had 7–20% less detected stimuli than the control group, particularly for intermediate and low-salient stimuli. Compared to normative RTFs, modest delays were found for high-salient cartoon (in 19% of preterm children) and contrast (8%), intermediate-salient motion (23%) and form (21%), and low-salient color stimuli (8%). These children had a significantly higher prevalence of perinatal risk factors for respiratory failure and intraventricular hemorrhages. Children born between 26 and 32 weeks have a modest risk (8–23%) of visuospatial attention and processing dysfunction. This warrants early monitoring and support of general visual development in preterm children at risk of respiratory distress and disrupted cerebral blood flow. •Early visuospatial attention orienting and processing functions are known to impact later (visual) development in children born preterm, and can be quantified using eye tracking-based technology.•Visuospatial attention and processing dysfunctions, related to cerebrally-mediated form and motion detection, were evident at 1 year CA in 8% to 23% of children born between 26 and 32 weeks.•The presence of visuospatial dysfunctions was significantly higher in children with respiratory distress and (factors related to) intraventricular hemorrhages, but was not related to GA, BW, Apgar scores or sepsis.•The present results warrant early screening and concurrent referral and support for those preterm children who are at risk of visuospatial atten