Nonionic Surfactant Affects Dislodgeable 2,4-D Foliar Residue from Turfgrass

• Published in: Weed technology 2018-10, Vol.32 (5), p.557-563
• Main Authors: Maxwell, Patrick J, Gannon, Travis W, Cooper, Richard J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 2,4-D; Adjuvant; auxins; best management practice; broadleaf weeds; Canopies; canopy; Collection; herbicide exposure; Herbicides; humans; Irrigation; Laboratories; lawns and turf; Loam soils; Lolium perenne; Moisture; nonionic surfactants; North Carolina; pesticide application; pesticide exposure; Pesticides; Soil sciences; Surfactants; Turf; turf grasses; turf management; turfgrass management; Turfgrasses; Vegetation; Weed control
• ISSN: 0890-037X; 1550-2740; 1550-2740
• DOI: 10.1017/wet.2018.47

2,4-dimethylamine salt (2,4-D) is a synthetic auxin herbicide used extensively in turfgrass for selective broadleaf weed control. Previous research has shown that 2,4-D can dislodge from treated turf, notably in the presence of canopy moisture. Practitioners commonly apply 2,4-D in combination with various commercially available surfactants to increase efficacy. Field research was completed to evaluate the effect of surfactant inclusion and sample collection time within a day on dislodgeable 2,4-D residue from perennial ryegrass. Research was initiated May 24, 2016 in Raleigh, NC and repeated in time to quantify dislodgeable 2,4-D following application (2.1 kg ae ha-1) either alone or with a nonionic surfactant (0.5% vol/vol). Sample collection occurred 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 or 24 d after treatment (DAT) at AM [7:00 AM Eastern Standard Time (EST)] andPM(2:00PMEST) sample timings within a day. 2,4-D applied with surfactant (0.4% to 25.4% of applied) reduced dislodgeable foliar residue compared to 2,4-D applied alone (0.5% to 31.2%) from 1 through 6 DAT, whereas dislodgeable 2,4-D was not detected at 12 and 24 DAT. Regardless of surfactant inclusion or absence, samples collected in theAMresulted in a 5- to 10-fold increase in dislodgeable 2,4-D compared to samples collected in the PM from 1 through 6 DAT, suggesting that 2,4-D dislodgeability may be influenced by conditions favoring canopy moisture development. This research will improve turfgrass management practices and research designed to minimize human 2,4-D exposure. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.