Multi-rate-equation modeling of the energy spectrum of laser-induced conduction band electrons in water

• Published in: Optics express 2019-02, Vol.27 (4), p.4672-4693
• Main Authors: Liang, Xiao-Xuan, Zhang, Zhenxi, Vogel, Alfred
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 1094-4087; 1094-4087
• DOI: 10.1364/OE.27.004672

We study the energy spectrum of laser-induced conduction band (CB) electrons in water by multi-rate equations (MRE) with different impact ionization schemes. Rethfeld's MRE model [Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 187401(2004)Phys. Rev.B 79, 155424(2009)], but the corresponding rate equations are computationally very expensive. We introduce a simplified splitting scheme and corresponding rate equations that still agree with energy conservation but enable the derivation of an asymptotic SRE. This approach is well suited for the calculation of energy spectra at long pulse durations and high irradiance, and for combination with spatiotemporal beam propagation/plasma formation models. Using the energy-conserving MREs, we present the time-evolution of CB electron density and energy spectrum during femtosecond breakdown as well as the irradiance dependence of free-electron density, energy spectrum, volumetric energy density, and plasma temperature. These data are relevant for understanding photodamage pathways in nonlinear microscopy, free-electron-mediated modifications of biomolecules in laser surgery, and laser processing of transparent dielectrics in general.