Soft tissue status and crestal bone loss around conventionally‐loaded dental implants placed in cigarette‐ and waterpipe (narghile) smokers: 8‐years' follow‐up results

• Published in: Clinical implant dentistry and related research 2019-10, Vol.21 (5), p.873-878
• Main Authors: Alahmari, Fatemah, Javed, Fawad, Ahmed, Zain Uddin, Romanos, Georgios E., Al‐Kheraif, Abdulaziz A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Alveolar Bone Loss; Bleeding; Bone implants; Bone loss; Cigarettes; Dental Implants; Dental materials; Dental prosthetics; Dentistry; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Inflammation; Middle Aged; Plaque index; probing depth; Radiographs; Radiography; Retrospective Studies; Smokers; Smoking; Smoking Water Pipes; Soft tissues; Stability analysis; Statistical analysis; Surgical implants; Tissues; Transplants & implants; Water Pipe Smoking; Water pipes; Waterpipe
• ISSN: 1523-0899; 1708-8208
• DOI: 10.1111/cid.12746

Background We hypothesized that crestal bone loss (CBL) and peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation are increased when conventionally‐loaded dental implants are placed in cigarette and waterpipe smokers compared to nonsmokers. Purpose The present 8‐years' follow‐up retrospective clinical study evaluated the stability of the conventionally‐loaded dental implants placed in cigarette‐ and waterpipe (narghile) smoking and nonsmoking population group. Materials and Methods Self‐reported cigarette‐smokers, waterpipe users along with never‐smokers have been included. Data pertaining to gender, age, duration and frequency of cigarette‐smoking, and usage of waterpipe were collected using a preformed questionnaire. Probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and peri‐implant plaque index (PI) were recorded measuring mesial and distal CBL on digital bitewing radiographs. Study power estimated with group comparisons performed using the Kruskal‐Wallis and Bonferroni post‐hoc adjustment tests. Statistically significant P‐values of less than 0.05 were considered. Results Forty‐one cigarette‐smokers, forty waterpipe‐users, and forty‐two never‐smokers with mean ages of 44.5 ± 4.3, 41.2 ± 4.7, 43.3 ± 2.8 years, respectively, were included. The mean duration of smoking habit and duration of each session of cigarette‐smoking was 5.5 ± 0.3 years and 7.7 ± 1.2 minutes, respectively. The mean period of waterpipe use and time of each session of was 10.6 ± 0.8 years and 20.2 ± 3.1 minutes, respectively. Among cigarette‐smokers, waterpipe‐users and never‐smokers, the implants had been in function for 8.5 ± 0.3, 8.6 ± 0.3, and 8.5 ± 0.5 years, respectively. PD, CBL, and peri‐implant PI were positively more among cigarette and waterpipe smoking users (P