Beneficial effects of (R)-ketamine, but not its metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, in the depression-like phenotype, inflammatory bone markers, and bone mineral density in a chronic social defeat stress model

• Published in: Behavioural brain research 2019-08, Vol.368, p.111904-111904, Article 111904
• Main Authors: Xiong, Zhongwei, Fujita, Yuko, Zhang, Kai, Pu, Yaoyu, Chang, Lijia, Ma, Min, Chen, Jincao, Hashimoto, Kenji
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: (2R,6R)-HNK; (R)-ketamine; Animals; Antidepressive Agents - pharmacology; Biomarkers - blood; Bone; Bone Density - drug effects; Depression - drug therapy; Depressive Disorder - drug therapy; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Inflammation - blood; Inflammation - immunology; Inflammation - metabolism; Ketamine - analogs & derivatives; Ketamine - metabolism; Ketamine - pharmacology; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Osteopontin - analysis; Osteopontin - blood; Osteoprotegerin - analysis; Osteoprotegerin - blood; RANK Ligand - analysis; RANK Ligand - blood; RANKL; Stress, Psychological - drug therapy; Stress, Psychological - metabolism
• ISSN: 0166-4328; 1872-7549
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111904

Inflammatory bone markers may play a role in the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in susceptible mice after chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). In this study, we compared the effects of (R)-ketamine and its final metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) in depression-like phenotypes, inflammatory bone markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in CSDS susceptible mice. We measured plasma levels of inflammatory bone markers, which included osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), and osteopontin after behavioral tests. (R)-ketamine, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, elicited rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in CSDS susceptible mice. Furthermore, (R)-ketamine, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, significantly improved the increased plasma levels of RANKL and decreased OPG/RANKL ratio in CSDS susceptible mice. Moreover, (R)-ketamine, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, significantly attenuated the decreased BMD in CSDS susceptible mice. These findings demonstrate that (R)-ketamine may have beneficial effects in depression-like phenotype and abnormalities in bone functions of CSDS susceptible mice. It is, therefore, likely that (R)-ketamine would be a potential therapeutic drug for abnormalities in bone metabolism in depressed patients.