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Activating α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Alleviates Fentanyl-induced Respiratory Depression in Rats

WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THIS TOPICOpioid-induced respiratory depression results in part from direct activation of μ-opioid receptors expressed in the inspiratory rhythm generator located in the ventrolateral medulla, the preBötzinger ComplexRespiratory neurons within the medulla also express nico...

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Published in:Anesthesiology (Philadelphia) 2019-06, Vol.130 (6), p.1017-1031
Main Authors: Ren, Jun, Ding, Xiuqing, Greer, John J
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description WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THIS TOPICOpioid-induced respiratory depression results in part from direct activation of μ-opioid receptors expressed in the inspiratory rhythm generator located in the ventrolateral medulla, the preBötzinger ComplexRespiratory neurons within the medulla also express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are made up of five subunits, arranged symmetrically around a central poreActivation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4, α7, and β2 subunits increases respiratory rhythm, whereas activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4β2 or α7 subunits induces analgesia in multiple forms of pain WHAT THIS ARTICLE TELLS US THAT IS NEWThe nonselective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist nicotine and the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist A85380, but not the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist PNU282987, reversed respiratory depression induced by activation of μ-opioid receptors in rats both in vitro and in vivoCoadministration of A85380 with fentanyl not only markedly reduced respiratory depression and apneas but also enhanced the fentanyl-induced analgesia BACKGROUND:Opioid analgesics are widely used for treatment of acute, postoperative, and chronic pain. However, activation of opioid receptors can result in severe respiratory depression. There is an unmet clinical need to develop a pharmacologic therapy to counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without interfering with analgesia. Further, additional advances to confront accidental lethal overdose with the use of fentanyl and other opioids are needed. Here, the authors test the hypothesis that activation of nicotinic receptors expressed within respiratory rhythm–generating networks would counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without compromising analgesia. METHODS:Respiratory neural discharge was measured using in vitro brainstem–spinal cord and medullary slice rat preparations. In vivo, plethysmographic recording, nociception testing, and righting reflexes were used to examine respiratory ventilation, analgesia, and sedation, respectively. RESULTS:The administration of nicotine, selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonist A85380, but not α7 nicotinic receptor agonist PNU282987, reversed opioid-induced respiratory depression in neonatal pups in vitro and in vivo. In adult rats in vivo, administration of A85380 (0.03 mg/kg), but not PNU282987, provides a rapid and robust reversal of fentanyl-induced decrease in respiratory rate (93.4 ±
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However, activation of opioid receptors can result in severe respiratory depression. There is an unmet clinical need to develop a pharmacologic therapy to counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without interfering with analgesia. Further, additional advances to confront accidental lethal overdose with the use of fentanyl and other opioids are needed. Here, the authors test the hypothesis that activation of nicotinic receptors expressed within respiratory rhythm–generating networks would counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without compromising analgesia. METHODS:Respiratory neural discharge was measured using in vitro brainstem–spinal cord and medullary slice rat preparations. In vivo, plethysmographic recording, nociception testing, and righting reflexes were used to examine respiratory ventilation, analgesia, and sedation, respectively. RESULTS:The administration of nicotine, selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonist A85380, but not α7 nicotinic receptor agonist PNU282987, reversed opioid-induced respiratory depression in neonatal pups in vitro and in vivo. In adult rats in vivo, administration of A85380 (0.03 mg/kg), but not PNU282987, provides a rapid and robust reversal of fentanyl-induced decrease in respiratory rate (93.4 ± 33.7% of control 3 min after A85380 vs. 31 ± 20.5% of control after vehicle, n = 8 each, P &lt; 0.001), without marked side effects. The coadministration of A85380 (0.06 mg/kg) with fentanyl or remifentanil markedly reduced respiratory depression and apneas, and enhanced the fentanyl-induced analgesia, as evidenced by increased paw withdrawal latency in Hargreaves plantar test (14.4 ± 2.8 s vs. vehicle11.3 ± 2.4 s, n = 8 each, P = 0.013) and decreased formalin-induced nocifensive duration (2.5 ± 2.4 min vs. vehicle5.4 ± 2.7 min, n = 8 each, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS:The novel strategy of targeting α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors has the potential for advancing pain control and reducing opioid-induced respiratory depression and overdose.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0003-3022</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1528-1175</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002676</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31008764</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Copyright by , the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc</publisher><subject>Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Azetidines - pharmacology ; Female ; Fentanyl - adverse effects ; Male ; Nicotinic Agonists - pharmacology ; Nicotinic Agonists - therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Nicotinic - metabolism ; Respiratory Insufficiency - chemically induced ; Respiratory Insufficiency - drug therapy ; Respiratory Insufficiency - metabolism</subject><ispartof>Anesthesiology (Philadelphia), 2019-06, Vol.130 (6), p.1017-1031</ispartof><rights>Copyright © by 2019, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3176-3cffec6bd628ae3339185d6dc53f51ecc7aa2b98fd562787f9b0d55c49b5dd703</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3176-3cffec6bd628ae3339185d6dc53f51ecc7aa2b98fd562787f9b0d55c49b5dd703</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31008764$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ren, Jun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ding, Xiuqing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Greer, John J</creatorcontrib><title>Activating α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Alleviates Fentanyl-induced Respiratory Depression in Rats</title><title>Anesthesiology (Philadelphia)</title><addtitle>Anesthesiology</addtitle><description>WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THIS TOPICOpioid-induced respiratory depression results in part from direct activation of μ-opioid receptors expressed in the inspiratory rhythm generator located in the ventrolateral medulla, the preBötzinger ComplexRespiratory neurons within the medulla also express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are made up of five subunits, arranged symmetrically around a central poreActivation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4, α7, and β2 subunits increases respiratory rhythm, whereas activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4β2 or α7 subunits induces analgesia in multiple forms of pain WHAT THIS ARTICLE TELLS US THAT IS NEWThe nonselective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist nicotine and the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist A85380, but not the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist PNU282987, reversed respiratory depression induced by activation of μ-opioid receptors in rats both in vitro and in vivoCoadministration of A85380 with fentanyl not only markedly reduced respiratory depression and apneas but also enhanced the fentanyl-induced analgesia BACKGROUND:Opioid analgesics are widely used for treatment of acute, postoperative, and chronic pain. However, activation of opioid receptors can result in severe respiratory depression. There is an unmet clinical need to develop a pharmacologic therapy to counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without interfering with analgesia. Further, additional advances to confront accidental lethal overdose with the use of fentanyl and other opioids are needed. Here, the authors test the hypothesis that activation of nicotinic receptors expressed within respiratory rhythm–generating networks would counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without compromising analgesia. METHODS:Respiratory neural discharge was measured using in vitro brainstem–spinal cord and medullary slice rat preparations. In vivo, plethysmographic recording, nociception testing, and righting reflexes were used to examine respiratory ventilation, analgesia, and sedation, respectively. RESULTS:The administration of nicotine, selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonist A85380, but not α7 nicotinic receptor agonist PNU282987, reversed opioid-induced respiratory depression in neonatal pups in vitro and in vivo. In adult rats in vivo, administration of A85380 (0.03 mg/kg), but not PNU282987, provides a rapid and robust reversal of fentanyl-induced decrease in respiratory rate (93.4 ± 33.7% of control 3 min after A85380 vs. 31 ± 20.5% of control after vehicle, n = 8 each, P &lt; 0.001), without marked side effects. The coadministration of A85380 (0.06 mg/kg) with fentanyl or remifentanil markedly reduced respiratory depression and apneas, and enhanced the fentanyl-induced analgesia, as evidenced by increased paw withdrawal latency in Hargreaves plantar test (14.4 ± 2.8 s vs. vehicle11.3 ± 2.4 s, n = 8 each, P = 0.013) and decreased formalin-induced nocifensive duration (2.5 ± 2.4 min vs. vehicle5.4 ± 2.7 min, n = 8 each, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS:The novel strategy of targeting α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors has the potential for advancing pain control and reducing opioid-induced respiratory depression and overdose.</description><subject>Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Animals, Newborn</subject><subject>Azetidines - pharmacology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fentanyl - adverse effects</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Nicotinic Agonists - pharmacology</subject><subject>Nicotinic Agonists - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</subject><subject>Receptors, Nicotinic - metabolism</subject><subject>Respiratory Insufficiency - chemically induced</subject><subject>Respiratory Insufficiency - drug therapy</subject><subject>Respiratory Insufficiency - metabolism</subject><issn>0003-3022</issn><issn>1528-1175</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kM1O3DAUha2Kqgy0b4CQl2xC_TO2k2XEX5FGICFYR4590zF4nGA7g-ax6IPwTA0aihCL3s3VufrOudJB6ICSY0oq9bNeXB2TD8Okkl_QjApWFpQqsYNm05UXnDC2i_ZSup-kErz8hnY5JaRUcj5DoTbZrXV24Td-eZ6__GH4ypl-0s7g2kDeeLPsvQuAb8DAkPuYcO09rJ3OkPA5hKzDxhcu2NGAnag0uKgnboNPYYiQkusDdgHf6Jy-o6-d9gl-vO19dHd-dnvyq1hcX1ye1IvCcKpkwU3XgZGtlazUwDmvaCmstEbwTlAwRmnN2qrsrJBMlaqrWmKFMPOqFdYqwvfR0TZ3iP3jCCk3K5cMeK8D9GNqGKNM0aqSr-h8i5rYpxSha4boVjpuGkqa16abqenmc9OT7fDtw9iuwL6b_lU7AeUWeOp9hpge_PgEsVmC9nn5_-y_tIGNig</recordid><startdate>201906</startdate><enddate>201906</enddate><creator>Ren, Jun</creator><creator>Ding, Xiuqing</creator><creator>Greer, John J</creator><general>Copyright by , the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201906</creationdate><title>Activating α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Alleviates Fentanyl-induced Respiratory Depression in Rats</title><author>Ren, Jun ; Ding, Xiuqing ; Greer, John J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3176-3cffec6bd628ae3339185d6dc53f51ecc7aa2b98fd562787f9b0d55c49b5dd703</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Animals, Newborn</topic><topic>Azetidines - pharmacology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fentanyl - adverse effects</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Nicotinic Agonists - pharmacology</topic><topic>Nicotinic Agonists - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</topic><topic>Receptors, Nicotinic - metabolism</topic><topic>Respiratory Insufficiency - chemically induced</topic><topic>Respiratory Insufficiency - drug therapy</topic><topic>Respiratory Insufficiency - metabolism</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ren, Jun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ding, Xiuqing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Greer, John J</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Anesthesiology (Philadelphia)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ren, Jun</au><au>Ding, Xiuqing</au><au>Greer, John J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Activating α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Alleviates Fentanyl-induced Respiratory Depression in Rats</atitle><jtitle>Anesthesiology (Philadelphia)</jtitle><addtitle>Anesthesiology</addtitle><date>2019-06</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>130</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1017</spage><epage>1031</epage><pages>1017-1031</pages><issn>0003-3022</issn><eissn>1528-1175</eissn><abstract>WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THIS TOPICOpioid-induced respiratory depression results in part from direct activation of μ-opioid receptors expressed in the inspiratory rhythm generator located in the ventrolateral medulla, the preBötzinger ComplexRespiratory neurons within the medulla also express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are made up of five subunits, arranged symmetrically around a central poreActivation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4, α7, and β2 subunits increases respiratory rhythm, whereas activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4β2 or α7 subunits induces analgesia in multiple forms of pain WHAT THIS ARTICLE TELLS US THAT IS NEWThe nonselective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist nicotine and the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist A85380, but not the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist PNU282987, reversed respiratory depression induced by activation of μ-opioid receptors in rats both in vitro and in vivoCoadministration of A85380 with fentanyl not only markedly reduced respiratory depression and apneas but also enhanced the fentanyl-induced analgesia BACKGROUND:Opioid analgesics are widely used for treatment of acute, postoperative, and chronic pain. However, activation of opioid receptors can result in severe respiratory depression. There is an unmet clinical need to develop a pharmacologic therapy to counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without interfering with analgesia. Further, additional advances to confront accidental lethal overdose with the use of fentanyl and other opioids are needed. Here, the authors test the hypothesis that activation of nicotinic receptors expressed within respiratory rhythm–generating networks would counter opioid-induced respiratory depression without compromising analgesia. METHODS:Respiratory neural discharge was measured using in vitro brainstem–spinal cord and medullary slice rat preparations. In vivo, plethysmographic recording, nociception testing, and righting reflexes were used to examine respiratory ventilation, analgesia, and sedation, respectively. RESULTS:The administration of nicotine, selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonist A85380, but not α7 nicotinic receptor agonist PNU282987, reversed opioid-induced respiratory depression in neonatal pups in vitro and in vivo. In adult rats in vivo, administration of A85380 (0.03 mg/kg), but not PNU282987, provides a rapid and robust reversal of fentanyl-induced decrease in respiratory rate (93.4 ± 33.7% of control 3 min after A85380 vs. 31 ± 20.5% of control after vehicle, n = 8 each, P &lt; 0.001), without marked side effects. The coadministration of A85380 (0.06 mg/kg) with fentanyl or remifentanil markedly reduced respiratory depression and apneas, and enhanced the fentanyl-induced analgesia, as evidenced by increased paw withdrawal latency in Hargreaves plantar test (14.4 ± 2.8 s vs. vehicle11.3 ± 2.4 s, n = 8 each, P = 0.013) and decreased formalin-induced nocifensive duration (2.5 ± 2.4 min vs. vehicle5.4 ± 2.7 min, n = 8 each, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS:The novel strategy of targeting α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors has the potential for advancing pain control and reducing opioid-induced respiratory depression and overdose.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Copyright by , the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc</pub><pmid>31008764</pmid><doi>10.1097/ALN.0000000000002676</doi><tpages>15</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects
Animals
Animals, Newborn
Azetidines - pharmacology
Female
Fentanyl - adverse effects
Male
Nicotinic Agonists - pharmacology
Nicotinic Agonists - therapeutic use
Pregnancy
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Receptors, Nicotinic - metabolism
Respiratory Insufficiency - chemically induced
Respiratory Insufficiency - drug therapy
Respiratory Insufficiency - metabolism
title Activating α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Alleviates Fentanyl-induced Respiratory Depression in Rats
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