Phylogenomic analyses reveal an exceptionally high number of evolutionary shifts in a florally diverse clade of African legumes

• Published in: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 2019-08, Vol.137, p.156-167
• Main Authors: Ojeda, Dario I., Koenen, Erik, Cervantes, Sandra, de la Estrella, Manuel, Banguera-Hinestroza, Eulalia, Janssens, Steven B., Migliore, Jérémy, Demenou, Boris B., Bruneau, Anne, Forest, Félix, Hardy, Olivier J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Berlinia clade; Detarioideae; Flower evolution; Papillose conical cells; Petal identity; Petal number; Phylogenomics; Target enrichment
• ISSN: 1055-7903; 1095-9513
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.002

[Display omitted] •A target enrichment bait for the Detarioideae was developed.•Only the monophyly of the genus Anthonotha was confirmed within the Anthonotha clade.•The Anthonotha clade display high diversity in floral traits transitions, mainly in a reduction of organ number.•The petal is the most labile trait with an overall trend towards reduction in number.•All petals within the same flower display the same petal micromorphology, suggesting similar identity. Detarioideae is well known for its high diversity of floral traits, including flower symmetry, number of organs, and petal size and morphology. This diversity has been characterized and studied at higher taxonomic levels, but limited analyses have been performed among closely related genera with contrasting floral traits due to the lack of fully resolved phylogenetic relationships. Here, we used four representative transcriptomes to develop an exome capture (target enrichment) bait for the entire subfamily and applied it to the Anthonotha clade using a complete data set (61 specimens) representing all extant floral diversity. Our phylogenetic analyses recovered congruent topologies using ML and Bayesian methods. Anthonotha was recovered as monophyletic contrary to the remaining three genera (Englerodendron, Isomacrolobium and Pseudomacrolobium), which form a monophyletic group sister to Anthonotha. We inferred a total of 35 transitions for the seven floral traits (pertaining to flower symmetry, petals, stamens and staminodes) that we analyzed, suggesting that at least 30% of the species in this group display transitions from the ancestral condition reconstructed for the Anthonotha clade. The main transitions were towards a reduction in the number of organs (petals, stamens and staminodes). Despite the high number of transitions, our analyses indicate that the seven characters are evolving independently in these lineages. Petal morphology is the most labile floral trait with a total of seven independent transitions in number and seven independent transitions to modification in petal types. The diverse petal morphology along the dorsoventral axis of symmetry within the flower is not associated with differences at the micromorphology of petal surface, suggesting that in this group all petals within the flower might possess the same petal identity at the molecular level. Our results provide a solid evolutionary framework for further detailed analyses of the molecular basis of petal identity.