A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to any insult to the brain resulting in primary (direct) and secondary (indirect) damage to the brain parenchyma. Secondary damage is often linked to the molecular mechanisms that occur post TBI and result in excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and cytokine damage,...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:World neurosurgery 2019-11, Vol.131, p.126-132
Main Authors: Ladak, Asma Akbar, Enam, Syed Ather, Ibrahim, Muhammad Talal
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Brain Injuries, Traumatic - metabolism
Brain Injuries, Traumatic - therapy
Humans
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Summary:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to any insult to the brain resulting in primary (direct) and secondary (indirect) damage to the brain parenchyma. Secondary damage is often linked to the molecular mechanisms that occur post TBI and result in excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and cytokine damage, oxidative damage, and eventual cell death as prominent mechanisms of cell damage. We present a review highlighting the relation of each of these mechanisms with TBI, their mode of damaging brain tissue, and therapeutic correlation. We also mention the long-term sequelae and their pathophysiology in relation to TBI focusing on Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms is important in order to realize the secondary and long-term sequelae that follow primary TBI and to devise targeted therapy for quick recovery accordingly.
ISSN:1878-8750
1878-8769
DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.07.039