Diagnostic role of kidney injury molecule-1 in renal cell carcinoma

Despite rapid advances in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients. While there has been a shift towards earlier detection, approximately 16% of patients present with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International urology and nephrology 2019-11, Vol.51 (11), p.1893-1902
Main Authors: Zhang, Kevin J., Wilson, George D., Kara, Sam, Majeske, Audrey, Zhang, Ping L., Hafron, Jason M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biomarkers
Biomarkers, Tumor - urine
Carcinoma, Renal Cell - blood
Carcinoma, Renal Cell - diagnosis
Carcinoma, Renal Cell - etiology
Carcinoma, Renal Cell - urine
Diagnosis
Diagnosis, Differential
Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 - analysis
Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 - blood
Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 - physiology
Humans
Kidney cancer
Kidney Neoplasms - blood
Kidney Neoplasms - diagnosis
Kidney Neoplasms - etiology
Kidney Neoplasms - urine
Kidneys
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metastases
Morbidity
Nephrectomy
Nephrology
Proximal tubules
Renal cell carcinoma
Urine
Urology
Urology - Review
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Summary:Despite rapid advances in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients. While there has been a shift towards earlier detection, approximately 16% of patients present with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a glycoprotein that has been shown to be a robust and reliable biomarker of acute proximal tubular injury. As KIM-1 is mainly expressed in RCC derived from the proximal tubules, it is a reliable marker to differentiate between proximal tubular primary RCC and distal nephron primary RCC. Several studies have investigated urinary KIM-1 (uKIM-1) in RCC and demonstrated that it is a sensitive and specific marker for detecting localized RCC, as patients had markedly reduced uKIM-1 levels following nephrectomy, with uKIM-1 levels correlating with tumor size and grade. In addition, levels of KIM-1 present in plasma have also shown utility as a biomarker of RCC with levels being elevated in RCC cases at least 5 years before diagnosis. This review focuses on a progressive understanding of KIM-1 in the diagnosis of RCC using biopsies, urine, and plasma samples, and it will also provide some insight into potential roles of KIM-1 in the growth and spread of RCC.
ISSN:0301-1623
1573-2584
DOI:10.1007/s11255-019-02231-0