Retinal vascular fractal dimension in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

• Published in: Journal of affective disorders 2019-12, Vol.259, p.98-103
• Main Authors: Appaji, Abhishek, Nagendra, Bhargavi, Chako, Dona Maria, Padmanabha, Ananth, Hiremath, Chaitra V., Jacob, Arpitha, Varambally, Shivarama, Kesavan, Muralidharan, Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan, Rao, Shyam Vasudeva, Webers, Carroll A.B., Berendschot, Tos T.J.M., Rao, Naren P.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Bipolar disorder; Fractal dimension; Fundus; Neurodevelopment; Psychoses; Retinal vasculature; Schizophrenia
• ISSN: 0165-0327; 1573-2517
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.061

•Retinal vasculature is a proxy assessment measure of the cerebral vasculature.•Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, compared to healthy, have significantly increased Df.•There was no significant difference between SCZ and BD in retinal vascular Df.•Df was high even after controlling for the potential confounding variables.•Df is a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular pathology in psychoses. Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), are associated with greater vascular co-morbidities and adverse vascular events. Owing to shared developmental origins and morphology, retinal vasculature is a proxy assessment measure of the cerebral vasculature. Although retinal vascular fractal dimension (Df), a measure of vascular geometry and complexity of branching, has been shown to be directly associated with cerebrovascular pathology, it has not been examined in SCZ and BD. We studied 277 participants (92 healthy volunteers, 98 SCZ, and 87 BD) from 18 to 50 years of age. Images were acquired by trained personnel using a non-mydriatic fundus camera and the retinal vascular Df was calculated by the box-counting method using an automated algorithm. The average Df across the left and right eyes were calculated. Both SCZ and BD had significantly increased Df compared to HV despite controlling for possible confounding factors. However, there was no significant difference between SCZ and BD. These findings suggest abnormal retinal vascular Df in psychoses. The study design was cross-sectional, and patients were on medications. Confound of lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise, if any, was not controlled. Sub-group analysis between BD-I and BD-II was not performed in view of the small sample. Considering the easy accessibility, affordability, and non-invasive nature of the examination, retinal vascular Df could serve as a surrogate marker for cerebral vascular abnormality and could potentially identify BD and SCZ patients at risk of developing adverse vascular events.