SO3H‑Containing Functional Carbon Materials: Synthesis, Structure, and Acid Catalysis

The “sulfonated carbons” are a new class of metal-free solid protonic acids characterized by their unique carbon structure and Brønsted acidity (−H 0 = 8–11) on par to concentrated H2SO4. These carbon materials covalently functionalized with SO3H groups via C–PhSO3H or C–SO3H linkages can act as ver...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Chemical reviews 2019-11, Vol.119 (22), p.11576-11630
Main Authors: Konwar, Lakhya Jyoti, Mäki-Arvela, Päivi, Mikkola, Jyri-Pekka
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acidic oxides
Acidity
Carbon
Catalysis
Catalysts
Cation exchanging
Cationic polymerization
Chemical synthesis
Deactivation
Organic chemistry
Oxides
Production costs
Resins
Selectivity
Structural stability
Sulfuric acid
Surface chemistry
Surface properties
Surface stability
Thermal stability
Zeolites
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Summary:The “sulfonated carbons” are a new class of metal-free solid protonic acids characterized by their unique carbon structure and Brønsted acidity (−H 0 = 8–11) on par to concentrated H2SO4. These carbon materials covalently functionalized with SO3H groups via C–PhSO3H or C–SO3H linkages can act as versatile water-tolerant solid acids. Due to their low production costs, unique surface chemistry, high chemical and thermal stability, as well as tailorable pore structures they are regarded as potential substitutes to liquid H2SO4. Catalysis, in particular, biomass and large molecule catalysis, is one of the important areas in which acidic carbons have demonstrated exceptional activity and selectivity, outperforming traditional solid acid catalysts (cation-exchange resins, sulfated oxides, and acidic zeolites). In this review we address developments in the different types SO3H- and PhSO3H-functionalized acidic carbon materials, their structure, active sites, and surface properties, applications in catalysis, as well as activation and deactivation characteristics covering important literature since 2004. In particular, we aim to provide a systematic discussion on the specific merits and demerits of such materials obtained from different carbon precursors and functionalization methods which directly influence the structure–stability–acidic properties and catalytic performance.
ISSN:0009-2665
1520-6890
DOI:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00199