Own or dam’s genotype? Classical colony breeding may bias spontaneous and stress‐challenged activity in DAT‐mutant rats

• Published in: Developmental psychobiology 2020-05, Vol.62 (4), p.505-518
• Main Authors: Mariano, Stefano, Pardo, Marta, Buccheri, Clelia, Illiano, Placido, Adinolfi, Annalisa, Lo Russo, Sara Lucia M., Alleva, Enrico, Carbone, Cristiana, Adriani, Walter
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: circadian rhythm; DAT heterozygous; maternal care; parent‐of‐origin effect; stress vulnerability
• ISSN: 0012-1630; 1098-2302
• DOI: 10.1002/dev.21927

There is considerable interest in understanding what makes an individual vulnerable or resilient to the deleterious effects of stressful events. From candidate genes, dopamine (DA) and dopamine transporter (DAT) have been linked to anxiety, depression, and post‐traumatic stress disorder. We investigated role of DAT using the new DAT heterozygous (DAT‐HET) and homozygous mutant (DAT‐KO) rat models of hyperdopaminergia. We studied the impact of two breeding conditions in spontaneous locomotor behavior of female rats. The classical colony, through mating DAT‐HET males × DAT‐HET females (breeding HET–HET), was used. A second WT colony was derived and maintained (breeding WT–WT). Additionally, a subgroup of rats was bred through mating DAT‐KO males × WT females (atypical HET, breeding KO–WT). We studied the effects of genotype and its interaction with maternal care (depending by breeding condition). HET–HET breeding led to reduced activity in HET females compared to WT rats (from WT–WT breeding). However, HET females from KO–WT breeding did not differ so much from WT rats (WT–WT breeding). The maternal‐care impact was then confirmed: HET mothers (breeding HET–HET) showed reduced liking/grooming of pups and increased digging away from nest, compared to WT mothers (breeding WT–WT). In their female offspring (HET, breeding HET–HET vs. WT, breeding WT–WT), isolation plus wet bedding induced higher and more persistent impact on activity of HET rats, even when the stressor was removed. Our results highlight the importance of epigenetic factors (e.g., maternal care) in responses to stress expressed by offspring at adulthood, quite independently of genotype. DAT hypofunction could determinate vulnerability to stressful agents via altered maternal care. In dopamine transporter (DAT)‐heterozygous (HET) females, own genotype alone (born from WT‐dams × KO‐fathers) was far less important than the early experience of altered maternal‐care profiles (born from HET‐dams × HET‐fathers). Only classical HET (HET × HET) but not atypical HET (WT × KO) females show a lower basal and a higher stress‐induced locomotor activity.