Sustainable and green microextraction of organophosphorus flame retardants by a novel phosphonium‐based deep eutectic solvent

Based on the solidification of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent in air‐assisted liquid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, a green and sustainable microextraction technique was developed for extracting, separating, and detecting organophosphorus flame ret...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of separation science 2020-01, Vol.43 (2), p.452-461
Main Authors: Shahbodaghi, Maryam, Faraji, Hakim, Shahbaazi, Hamidreza, Shabani, Mohsen
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Ambient temperature
Analytical chemistry
deep eutectic solvents
Eutectics
Evaluation
Flame retardants
Freezing
Gas chromatography
green analytical chemistry
hydrophobic solvents
Hydrophobicity
Independent variables
Liquid phases
Mass spectrometry
Melting points
organophosphorus flame retardants
Reproducibility
Salting
Solidification
Solvents
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Summary:Based on the solidification of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent in air‐assisted liquid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, a green and sustainable microextraction technique was developed for extracting, separating, and detecting organophosphorus flame retardants in aqueous samples. In this study, some strategies were considered for overcoming or improving the challenges of conventional solvent microextraction procedures. In addition, a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent with a freezing point near the ambient temperature was employed as an extraction phase, the dispersive solvent was substituted by the syringe pump process, and the centrifugation step was omitted by using salting‐out phenomenon. Further, the effect of the main independent variables was evaluated by using the chemometric methods in order to maximize the extraction efficiency of the procedure. Under optimal conditions, the calibration model was linear in the range of 0.01–25.0 µg/L. Limits of detection and quantitation were assessed at the concentration levels of 2–23 and 9–65 ng/L, respectively. The precision involving repeatability and reproducibility was evaluated by estimating the relative standard deviation, the levels of which were 
ISSN:1615-9306
1615-9314
DOI:10.1002/jssc.201900504