The effects of compression stockings on the energetics and biomechanics during walking

• Published in: European journal of applied physiology 2019-12, Vol.119 (11-12), p.2701-2710
• Main Authors: Cheng, Longfei, Xiong, Caihua
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Ankle; Ankle - physiology; Ankle Joint - physiology; Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology; Biomechanics; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Compression; Compression therapy; Electromyography - methods; Gait - physiology; Human Physiology; Humans; Kinematics; Kinetics; Knee; Knee - physiology; Knee Joint - physiology; Male; Metabolic rate; Metabolism; Muscle contraction; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology; Muscles; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine; Original Article; Plantar flexion; Range of Motion, Articular - physiology; Sports Medicine; Stockings, Compression; Walking; Walking - physiology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1439-6319; 1439-6327
• DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04245-z

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore how compression stockings affect the energetics and biomechanics during walking. Methods Sixteen male adults participated in this study. Participants completed walking trials on the treadmill and force plates, wearing compression stockings (CS) or nothing as a control condition (CON). The data obtained included metabolic rate, muscle activation, step frequency and step length as well as their variability, joint kinematics and joint kinetics. Results The effect of compression stockings on metabolic rate was trivial (CS: 3.81 ± 0.44 W kg −1 , CON: 3.83 ± 0.46 W kg −1 , p  = 0.84, d  = 0.05). Activation of calf muscles, step frequency and step length as well as their variability, joint range of motion and joint powers did not show a significant difference between conditions ( p  = 0.09–0.90, d  = 0.01–0.34). The peak knee extension moment during the early stance phase had a tendency to increase (CS: 0.57 ± 0.27 N m kg −1 , CON: 0.51 ± 0.28 N m kg −1 , p  = 0.05, d  = 0.19) while the peak knee flexion moment during the late swing phase had a tendency to decrease (CS: 0.16 ± 0.10 N m kg −1 , CON: 0.19 ± 0.12 N m kg −1 , p  = 0.10, d  = 0.21). The peak ankle dorsiflexion moment during the early stance phase significantly increased (CS: 0.11 ± 0.06 N m kg −1 , CON: 0.08 ± 0.05 N m kg −1 , p  = 0.02, d  = 0.58) while the peak ankle plantar flexion moment during the late swing phase significantly decreased (CS: 1.41 ± 0.12 N m kg −1 , CON: 1.47 ± 0.14 N m kg −1 , p  = 0.02, d  = 0.45). Conclusions Compression stockings have a limited effect on improving energetics of walking, but they may play a role in improving biomechanics by altering the relative contribution of knee and ankle moments to propulsion.