Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices) and diazotrophic bacterium (Rhizobium BMBS) primed defense in blackgram against herbivorous insect (Spodoptera litura) infestation

• Published in: Microbiological research 2020-01, Vol.231, p.126355-126355, Article 126355
• Main Authors: Selvaraj, Anandakumar, Thangavel, Kalaiselvi, Uthandi, Sivakumar
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Biological Assay; Biomass; Blackgram; Catalase - metabolism; Catechol Oxidase - metabolism; Glomeromycota - physiology; Glomus intraradices; Herbivory; Insect bioassay; Lignin - metabolism; Mycorrhizae - physiology; Peroxidase - metabolism; Pest Control, Biological; Phenolics; Plant Immunity; Plant Leaves - metabolism; Rhizobium; Rhizobium - physiology; Secondary Metabolism; Spodoptera - physiology; Spodoptera litura; Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism; Superoxide radicals quenching enzymes; Vigna - metabolism; Vigna - microbiology
• ISSN: 0944-5013; 1618-0623
• DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126355

[Display omitted] •Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium mediated tolerance against Spodoptera litura infestation in blackgram was studied in laboratory and pot culture conditions.•G. intraradices infection primed the production of defense related metabolites such as phenolics, lignin and superoxide radicals quenching enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, phenylalanine ammonium lyase, and polyphenol oxidase in blackgram.•Induction of these defense metabolites was stronger in G. intraradices infected plants upon exposure to S. litura over G. intraradices and Rhizobium co-inoculated plants. Reduction in biomass content of G. intraradices infected plants upon S. litura attack was lower than Rhizobium inoculated and control plants.•Relative growth rate, relative consumptive rate and conversion efficiency of ingested food of S. litura were lower due to feeding G. intraradices infected plants. Feeding deterrence index of S. litura was greater when G. intraradices infected plants were used as feed. In the changing scenario of agriculture, plants are exposed to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Induction of both constitutive and inducible defense systems was noticed in plants exposed to stress. As a major defense response, production of phenolics and superoxide radicals quenching enzymes is accelerated in plants under stress. These metabolites production intensified further when arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) infected plants are subjected to stress. With this background, we conducted experiments to explore the impacts of Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium on the stimulation of defense in blackgram against Spodoptera litura. Uninoculated plants accumulated considerable quantity of defense metabolites like phenolics, lignin and superoxide radicals quenching enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, phenylalanine ammonium lyase, and polyphenol oxidase constitutively. While production of these defense metabolites primed strongly due to G. intraradices inoculation. These defense responses augmented further when G. intraradices colonized plants were exposed to S. litura. Though the combined inoculation with G. intraradices and Rhizobium improved the defense response, the effect was more pronounced due to single inoculation with G. intraradices. Results of in vitro leaf feeding bioassay showed that the feeding capacity of S. litura reduced (36.32%) significantly due to feeding G. intraradices infected plants. These outcomes revea