Acute toxicity and clotting times of anticoagulant rodenticides to red-toothed (Odonus niger) and black (Melichthys niger) triggerfish, fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

• Published in: Aquatic toxicology 2020-04, Vol.221, p.105429-105429, Article 105429
• Main Authors: Riegerix, Rachelle C., Tanner, Michael, Gale, Robert, Tillitt, Donald E.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Anticoagulant; Anticoagulants - toxicity; Bass - blood; Blood Coagulation - drug effects; Blood Coagulation Tests; Brodifacoum; Chlorophacinone; Cyprinidae - blood; Diphacinone; Fish; Lethal Dose 50; Rodenticide; Rodenticides - toxicity; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity
• ISSN: 0166-445X; 1879-1514
• DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105429

[Display omitted] •Marine and freshwater fish were exposed by intraperitoneal injection to three common anti-coagulant rodenticides (ARs).•Median lethal values (LD50) suggest adult fish are less sensitive to ARs compared to other taxa (i.e. mammals and birds)•Blood clotting times in AR-exposed fish increased in a linear fashion with dose.•Liver concentrations of ARs declined after exposure suggesting rapid clearance. Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are used in rat eradication efforts on island wildlife refuges. AR bait pellets can get into coral reef areas during broadcasting and lead to exposure of non-target organisms, such as marine fishes. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of representative saltwater fishes, Red-toothed triggerfish (Odonus niger) and Black triggerfish (Melichthys niger), and common freshwater fishes, fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to first generation ARs, diphacinone (DPN) and chlorophacinone (CPN), as well as a second-generation AR, brodifacoum (BROD). Acute toxicity of ARs was evaluated by single dose, intraperitoneal injections. The median lethal dose (LD50) ranges were 137−175 μg DPN/g, 155−182 μg CPN/g, and 36−48 μg BROD/g for Red-toothed triggerfish and 90−122 μg DPN/g, 125−164 μg CPN/g, and 50−75 μg BROD/g for black triggerfish. Laboratory surrogate test fish species fathead minnow and largemouth bass were of similar sensitivity toward AR-induced toxicity compared to triggerfish based on LD50 values. Sublethal effects on elevated clotting time occurred in dose-dependent fashion in all fish tested. Fish appear to have low sensitivity to AR chemicals as compared to other taxa, in particular mammals and birds, based on across-taxa comparisons of species sensitivity distributions of whole body, single dose acute lethality (LD50 values). The sensitivity of fish to waterborne exposures of ARs has yet to be fully evaluated and indeed may prove more hazardous to fish.