Degradation of the anticancer drug flutamide by solar photo-Fenton treatment at near-neutral pH: Identification of transformation products and in silico (Q)SAR risk assessment

• Published in: Environmental research 2020-04, Vol.183, p.109223-109223, Article 109223
• Main Authors: Della-Flora, Alexandre, Wilde, Marcelo L., Pinto, Igor D.F., Lima, Éder C., Sirtori, Carla
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: (Q)SAR; Flutamide; Risk assessment; Solar photo-Fenton; Transformation products
• ISSN: 0013-9351; 1096-0953
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109223

Flutamide (FLUT) is a non-steroidal drug mainly used in the treatment of prostate cancer and has been detected in the aquatic environment at ng L−1 levels. The environmental fate and effects of FLUT have not yet been studied. Conventional treatment technologies fail to completely remove pharmaceuticals, so the solar photo-Fenton process (SPF) has been proposed as an alternative. In this study, the degradation of FLUT, at two different initial concentrations in ultra-pure water, was carried out by SPF. The initial SPF conditions were pH0 5, [Fe2+]0 = 5 mg L−1, and [H2O2]0 = 50 mg L−1. Preliminary elimination rates of 53.4% and 73.4%. The kinetics of FLUT degradation could be fitted by a pseudo-first order model and the kobs were 6.57 × 10−3 and 9.13 × 10−3 min−1 t30W and the half-life times were 95.62 and 73.10 min t30W were achieved for [FLUT]0 of 5 mg L−1 and 500 μg L−1, respectively. Analysis using LC-QTOF MS identified thirteen transformation products (TPs) during the FLUT degradation process. The main degradation pathways proposed were hydroxylation, hydrogen abstraction, demethylation, NO2 elimination, cleavage, and aromatic ring opening. Different in silico (quantitative) structure-activity relationship ((Q)SAR) freeware models were used to predict the toxicities and environmental fates of FLUT and the TPs. The in silico predictions indicated that these substances were not biodegradable, while some TPs were classified near the threshold point to be considered as PBT compounds. The in silico (Q)SAR predictions gave positive alerts concerning the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity endpoints. Additionally, the (Q)SAR toolbox software provided structural alerts corresponding to the positive alerts obtained with the different mutagenicity and carcinogenicity models, supporting the positive alerts with more proactive information. •Degradation of Flutamide was carried out by means of solar photo-Fenton process.•The degradation kinetic was fitted by a pseudo-first-order.•Thirteen transformation products (TPs) were proposed employing LC-QTOS MS.•TPs were predicted as non-biodegradable and as ecotoxic compounds.•Structural alerts concerning mutagenicity were pointed out in different TPs.