Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review

•A systematic review on the long-term effects of psychedelic drugs was conducted.•Studies included human samples and follow-up measures of at least 2 weeks.•Changes in personality, affect, wellbeing, and spirituality were noted.•Cognitive, psychospiritual, and neural mechanisms have been theorized.•...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 2020-06, Vol.113, p.179-189
Main Authors: Aday, Jacob S., Mitzkovitz, Cayla M., Bloesch, Emily K., Davoli, Christopher C., Davis, Alan K.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Long-term
Psychedelic drugs
Psychedelics
Review
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:•A systematic review on the long-term effects of psychedelic drugs was conducted.•Studies included human samples and follow-up measures of at least 2 weeks.•Changes in personality, affect, wellbeing, and spirituality were noted.•Cognitive, psychospiritual, and neural mechanisms have been theorized.•Future studies should address generalizability and control group limitations. Research into the basic effects and therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs has grown considerably in recent years. Yet, pressing questions remain regarding the substances’ lasting effects. Although individual studies have begun monitoring sustained changes, no study to-date has synthesized this information. Therefore, this systematic review aims to fill this important gap in the literature by synthesizing results from 34 contemporary experimental studies which included classic psychedelics, human subjects, and follow-up latencies of at least two weeks. The bulk of this work was published in the last five years, with psilocybin being the most frequently administered drug. Enduring changes in personality/attitudes, depression, spirituality, anxiety, wellbeing, substance misuse, meditative practices, and mindfulness were documented. Mystical experiences, connectedness, emotional breakthrough, and increased neural entropy were related to these long-term changes in psychological functioning. Finally, with proper screening, preparation, supervision, and integration, limited aversive side effects were noted by study participants. Future researchers should focus on including larger and more diverse samples, lengthier longitudinal designs, stronger control conditions, and standardized dosages.
ISSN:0149-7634
1873-7528
DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.017