Axonal cytomechanics in neuronal development

• Published in: Journal of biosciences 2020-12, Vol.45 (1), Article 64
• Main Authors: Mutalik, Sampada P, Ghose, Aurnab
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Actin Cytoskeleton - metabolism; Actin Cytoskeleton - ultrastructure; Animals; Axon guidance; Axons; Biological activity; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Biophysics; Cell Biology; Cytoskeleton; Forces (mechanics); Growth cones; Growth Cones - metabolism; Growth Cones - ultrastructure; Homeostasis; Humans; Intermediate Filaments - metabolism; Intermediate Filaments - ultrastructure; Life Sciences; Mechanics; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Microbiology; Microscopy; Microtubule-Associated Proteins - genetics; Microtubule-Associated Proteins - metabolism; Microtubules - metabolism; Microtubules - ultrastructure; Neurogenesis - physiology; Neuronal Plasticity - physiology; Neurons; Plant Sciences; Review; Synapses - metabolism; Synapses - ultrastructure; Synaptic Vesicles - metabolism; Synaptic Vesicles - ultrastructure; Zoology
• ISSN: 0250-5991; 0973-7138
• DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00029-2

For more than a century, mechanical forces have been predicted to govern many biological processes during development, both at the cellular level and in tissue homeostasis. The cytomechanics of the thin and highly extended neuronal axons have intrigued generations of biologists and biophysicists. However, our knowledge of the biophysics of neurite growth and development is far from complete. Due to its motile behavior and its importance in axonal pathfinding, the growth cone has received significant attention. A considerable amount of information is now available on the spatiotemporal regulation of biochemical signaling and remodeling of the growth cone cytoskeleton. However, the cytoskeletal organization and dynamics in the axonal shaft were poorly explored until recently. Driven by advances in microscopy, there has been a surge of interest in the axonal cytoskeleton in the last few years. A major emerging area of investigation is the relationship between the axonal cytoskeleton and the diverse mechanobiological responses of neurons. This review attempts to summarize our current understanding of the axonal cytoskeleton and its critical role in governing axonal mechanics in the context of neuronal development.