COVID-19 and Ageism: How Positive and Negative Responses Impact Older Adults and Society

• Published in: The American psychologist 2020-10, Vol.75 (7), p.887-896
• Main Authors: Monahan, Caitlin, Macdonald, Jamie, Lytle, Ashley, Apriceno, MaryBeth, Levy, Sheri R.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult abuse & neglect; Age discrimination; Aged; Ageism; Ageism - psychology; Aging; Aging - psychology; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections - prevention & control; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Education; Employment; Employment Status; Health Care Services; Health problems; Health services; Health status; Human; Humans; Intergenerational Relations; Intergenerational relationships; Loneliness; Mental health; Mortality rates; Older people; Pandemics; Pandemics - prevention & control; Pneumonia, Viral - prevention & control; Policy analysis; Policy Making; Prejudice; Racism; Responses; Retirement; Shopping; Social Behavior; Social response; Society; Stereotypes; United States
• ISSN: 0003-066X; 1935-990X
• DOI: 10.1037/amp0000699

The disproportionately high rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) health complications and mortality among older adults prompted supportive public responses, such as special senior early shopping hours and penpal programs. Simultaneously, some older adults faced neglect and blatant displays of ageism (e.g., #BoomerRemover) and were considered the lowest priority to receive health care. This article examines positive and negative responses toward older adults in the United States during the pandemic and the consequences for older adults and society using data from the pandemic in the United States (and informed by data from other countries) as well as past theorizing and empirical research on views and treatment of older adults. Specifically, positive responses can reinforce the value of older adults, improve older adults' mental and physical health, reduce ageism, and improve intergenerational relations, whereas negative responses can have the opposite effects. However, positive responses (social distancing to protect older adults from COVID-19 infection) can inadvertently increase loneliness, depression, health problems, and negative stereotyping of older adults (e.g., helpless, weak). Pressing policy issues evident from the treatment of older adults during the pandemic include health care (triaging, elder abuse), employment (layoffs, retirement), and education about ageism, as well as the intersection of ageism with other forms of prejudice (e.g., racism) that cuts across these policies. Public Significance Statement This article explores positive and negative responses toward older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and the expected short- and long-term consequences such as impacting beliefs about and treatment of older adults, intergenerational relations, and individuals' mental and physical health. This article discusses policy changes to health care (triaging, elder abuse), employment (layoffs, retirement), and education about ageism.