Effectiveness of Stereotype Threat Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Review

This meta-analytic review examined the effectiveness of stereotype threat interventions (STIs). Integrating the identity engagement model (Cohen, Purdie-Vaughns, & Garcia, 2012) with the process model of stereotype threat (Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008), we categorized STIs into 3 types: b...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of applied psychology 2021-06, Vol.106 (6), p.921-949
Main Authors: Liu, Songqi, Liu, Pei, Wang, Mo, Zhang, Baoshan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Appraisal
Human
Humans
Identity
Intervention
Methodological problems
Resilience
Resilience (Psychological)
Sexually transmitted diseases
STD
Stereotyped Attitudes
Stereotypes
Stereotyping
Threat
Threats
Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation
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Summary:This meta-analytic review examined the effectiveness of stereotype threat interventions (STIs). Integrating the identity engagement model (Cohen, Purdie-Vaughns, & Garcia, 2012) with the process model of stereotype threat (Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008), we categorized STIs into 3 types: belief-based, identity-based, and resilience-based STIs. Combining 251 effect sizes from 181 experiments, we found an overall effect size of d = 0.44, with the intervention group outperforming the control group. Subgroup analyses showed that although all 3 types of STIs helped counter stereotype threat, primary-appraisal-based (i.e., belief-based and identity-based) STIs were more effective than secondary-appraisal-based (i.e., resilience-based) STIs. We also traced the theoretical roots of 11 specific intervention strategies and showed that 9 of them yielded significant effect sizes. Moreover, we found evidence of publication bias regarding some but not all intervention types. These findings' theoretical and practical implications, as well as methodological issues and future research directions for the STI literature, are discussed.
ISSN:0021-9010
1939-1854
DOI:10.1037/apl0000770