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Deep learning segmentation of Primary Sjögren's syndrome affected salivary glands from ultrasonography images

Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) has proven to be a promising tool for diagnosing various diseases manifesting with abnormalities in salivary glands (SGs), including primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). At present, the major obstacle for establishing SUGS as a standardized tool for pSS diagno...

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Published in:Computers in biology and medicine 2021-02, Vol.129, p.104154-104154, Article 104154
Main Authors: Vukicevic, Arso M., Radovic, Milos, Zabotti, Alen, Milic, Vera, Hocevar, Alojzija, Callegher, Sara Zandonella, De Lucia, Orazio, De Vita, Salvatore, Filipovic, Nenad
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container_end_page 104154
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container_title Computers in biology and medicine
container_volume 129
creator Vukicevic, Arso M.
Radovic, Milos
Zabotti, Alen
Milic, Vera
Hocevar, Alojzija
Callegher, Sara Zandonella
De Lucia, Orazio
De Vita, Salvatore
Filipovic, Nenad
description Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) has proven to be a promising tool for diagnosing various diseases manifesting with abnormalities in salivary glands (SGs), including primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). At present, the major obstacle for establishing SUGS as a standardized tool for pSS diagnosis is its low inter/intra observer reliability. The aim of this study was to address this problem by proposing a robust deep learning-based solution for the automated segmentation of SGUS images. For these purposes, four architectures were considered: a fully convolutional neural network, fully convolutional “DenseNets” (FCN-DenseNet) network, U-Net, and LinkNet. During the course of the study, the growing HarmonicSS cohort included 1184 annotated SGUS images. Accordingly, the algorithms were trained using a transfer learning approach. With regard to the intersection-over-union (IoU), the top-performing FCN-DenseNet (IoU = 0.85) network showed a considerable margin above the inter-observer agreement (IoU = 0.76) and slightly above the intra-observer agreement (IoU = 0.84) between clinical experts. Considering its accuracy and speed (24.5 frames per second), it was concluded that the FCN-DenseNet could have wider applications in clinical practice. Further work on the topic will consider the integration of methods for pSS scoring, with the end goal of establishing SGUS as an effective noninvasive pSS diagnostic tool. To aid this progress, we created inference (frozen models) files for the developed models, and made them publicly available. [Display omitted] •Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) could enable noninvasive diagnosis of the pSS.•Deep learning algorithms were assessed for the segmentation of SGUS images.•The top-performing was the FCN-DenseNet algorithm.•FCN-DenseNet over performed clinicians by a considerable margin.•Frozen models of the developed algorithms are available on the public repository.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104154
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At present, the major obstacle for establishing SUGS as a standardized tool for pSS diagnosis is its low inter/intra observer reliability. The aim of this study was to address this problem by proposing a robust deep learning-based solution for the automated segmentation of SGUS images. For these purposes, four architectures were considered: a fully convolutional neural network, fully convolutional “DenseNets” (FCN-DenseNet) network, U-Net, and LinkNet. During the course of the study, the growing HarmonicSS cohort included 1184 annotated SGUS images. Accordingly, the algorithms were trained using a transfer learning approach. With regard to the intersection-over-union (IoU), the top-performing FCN-DenseNet (IoU = 0.85) network showed a considerable margin above the inter-observer agreement (IoU = 0.76) and slightly above the intra-observer agreement (IoU = 0.84) between clinical experts. Considering its accuracy and speed (24.5 frames per second), it was concluded that the FCN-DenseNet could have wider applications in clinical practice. Further work on the topic will consider the integration of methods for pSS scoring, with the end goal of establishing SGUS as an effective noninvasive pSS diagnostic tool. To aid this progress, we created inference (frozen models) files for the developed models, and made them publicly available. [Display omitted] •Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) could enable noninvasive diagnosis of the pSS.•Deep learning algorithms were assessed for the segmentation of SGUS images.•The top-performing was the FCN-DenseNet algorithm.•FCN-DenseNet over performed clinicians by a considerable margin.•Frozen models of the developed algorithms are available on the public repository.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0010-4825</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-0534</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104154</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33260099</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Abnormalities ; Accuracy ; Algorithms ; Artificial neural networks ; Automation ; Biopsy ; Classification ; Deep learning ; Diagnostic software ; Diagnostic systems ; Fractals ; Frames per second ; HarmonicSS project ; Image processing ; Image segmentation ; Machine learning ; Medical imaging ; Neural networks ; Patients ; Robustness (mathematics) ; Salivary gland ; Salivary glands ; Segmentation ; Semantics ; Sjogren's syndrome ; Sjögren's syndrome ; Transfer learning ; Ultrasonic imaging</subject><ispartof>Computers in biology and medicine, 2021-02, Vol.129, p.104154-104154, Article 104154</ispartof><rights>2020 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. 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At present, the major obstacle for establishing SUGS as a standardized tool for pSS diagnosis is its low inter/intra observer reliability. The aim of this study was to address this problem by proposing a robust deep learning-based solution for the automated segmentation of SGUS images. For these purposes, four architectures were considered: a fully convolutional neural network, fully convolutional “DenseNets” (FCN-DenseNet) network, U-Net, and LinkNet. During the course of the study, the growing HarmonicSS cohort included 1184 annotated SGUS images. Accordingly, the algorithms were trained using a transfer learning approach. With regard to the intersection-over-union (IoU), the top-performing FCN-DenseNet (IoU = 0.85) network showed a considerable margin above the inter-observer agreement (IoU = 0.76) and slightly above the intra-observer agreement (IoU = 0.84) between clinical experts. Considering its accuracy and speed (24.5 frames per second), it was concluded that the FCN-DenseNet could have wider applications in clinical practice. Further work on the topic will consider the integration of methods for pSS scoring, with the end goal of establishing SGUS as an effective noninvasive pSS diagnostic tool. To aid this progress, we created inference (frozen models) files for the developed models, and made them publicly available. [Display omitted] •Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) could enable noninvasive diagnosis of the pSS.•Deep learning algorithms were assessed for the segmentation of SGUS images.•The top-performing was the FCN-DenseNet algorithm.•FCN-DenseNet over performed clinicians by a considerable margin.•Frozen models of the developed algorithms are available on the public repository.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>33260099</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104154</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4886-373X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2101-8512</orcidid></addata></record>
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subjects Abnormalities
Accuracy
Algorithms
Artificial neural networks
Automation
Biopsy
Classification
Deep learning
Diagnostic software
Diagnostic systems
Fractals
Frames per second
HarmonicSS project
Image processing
Image segmentation
Machine learning
Medical imaging
Neural networks
Patients
Robustness (mathematics)
Salivary gland
Salivary glands
Segmentation
Semantics
Sjogren's syndrome
Sjögren's syndrome
Transfer learning
Ultrasonic imaging
title Deep learning segmentation of Primary Sjögren's syndrome affected salivary glands from ultrasonography images
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