Contemporary imaging of the pediatric shoulder: pearls and pitfalls

In skeletally immature patients, the presence of growth plates and articular cartilage of the shoulder can create a predisposition for unique injuries not observed in adults. Furthermore, increasing participation in sports by children and adolescents appears to be leading to a corresponding increase...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Pediatric radiology 2021-03, Vol.51 (3), p.338-352
Main Authors: Kim, Helen H. R., Ngo, Anh-Vu, Maloney, Ezekiel, Otjen, Jeffrey P., Iyer, Ramesh S., Menashe, Sarah J., Thapa, Mahesh
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescents
Cartilage
Cartilage (articular)
Children
Growth plate
Imaging
Injuries
Medical imaging
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Neuroradiology
Nuclear Medicine
Oncology
Ossification
Paralysis
Pediatrics
Radiology
Review
Shoulder
Sports
Teenagers
Ultrasound
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Summary:In skeletally immature patients, the presence of growth plates and articular cartilage of the shoulder can create a predisposition for unique injuries not observed in adults. Furthermore, increasing participation in sports by children and adolescents appears to be leading to a corresponding increase in the number of sports-related injuries. The importance of radiologists being familiar with pediatric shoulder imaging and its associated injuries is therefore growing. In this article, we review the normal development and maturation pattern of ossification centers of the shoulder from the early gestational period through adolescence. Brachial plexus birth palsy, physeal injuries, shoulder dislocation, and internal impingement are discussed within the context of the child’s age and the mechanism of injury to guide radiologists to a correct diagnosis.
ISSN:0301-0449
1432-1998
DOI:10.1007/s00247-021-04963-7