In schizophrenia, non-remitters and partial remitters to treatment with antipsychotics are qualitatively distinct classes with respect to neurocognitive deficits and neuro-immune biomarkers: results of soft independent modeling of class analogy

• Published in: Metabolic brain disease 2021-06, Vol.36 (5), p.939-955
• Main Authors: Al-Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem, Mousa, Rana Fadhil, Al-Dujaili, Arafat Hussein, Maes, Michael
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antipsychotic Agents - therapeutic use; Antipsychotics; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - blood; Cognition; Cognition - physiology; Cytokines - blood; Dkk1 protein; Endomorphin-2; Female; High mobility group proteins; HMGB1 protein; Humans; Interleukin 10; Male; Mental disorders; Middle Aged; Modelling; Narcotics; Neuropsychological Tests; Opioid receptors; Patients; Phenotypes; Proteins; Psychotropic drugs; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia - blood; Schizophrenia - drug therapy; Schizophrenic Psychology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0885-7490; 1573-7365; 1573-7365
• DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00685-9

Around one third of schizophrenia patients are non-responders to antipsychotic therapy. The present study aimed to delineate the pathway-phenotypes of non-remitters (NRTT) and partial remitters (PRTT) to treatment with antipsychotics as defined using the Global Clinical Impression scales. We recruited 60 NRTT, 50 PRTT and 43 healthy controls and measured schizophrenia symptoms, neurocognitive tests, plasma CCL11, interleukin-(IL)-6, IL-10, Dickkopf protein 1 (DKK1), high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), κ- and μ-opioid receptors (KOR and MOR, respectively), endomorphin-2 (EM-2), and β-endorphin. Soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) showed that NRTT and PRTT are significantly discriminated with a cross-validated accuracy of 94.7% and are qualitatively distinct classes using symptomatome, and neuro-immune-opioid-cognitome (NIOC) features as modeling variables. Moreover, a NIOC pathway phenotype discriminated PRTT from healthy controls with an accuracy of 100% indicating that PRTT and controls are two qualitative distinct classes. Using NIOC features as discriminatory variables in SIMCA showed that all PRTT were rejected as belonging to the normal control class and authenticated as belonging to their target class. In conclusion, a non-response to treatment can best be profiled using a SIMCA model constructed using symptomatome and NIOC features. A partial response should be delineated using SIMCA by authenticating patients as controls or PRTT instead of using scale-derived cut-off values or a number of scale items being rated mild or better. The results show that PRTT is characterized by an active NIOC pathway phenotype and that both NRTT and PRTT should be treated by targeting neuro-immune and opioid pathways.