Localization of RNAs in the nucleus: cis- and trans- regulation

The subcellular localization of RNAs correlates with their function and how they are regulated. Most protein-coding mRNAs are exported into the cytoplasm for protein synthesis, while some mRNA species, long noncoding RNAs, and some regulatory element-associated unstable transcripts tend to be retain...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:RNA biology 2021-12, Vol.18 (12), p.2073-2086
Main Authors: Tong, Chong, Yin, Yafei
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Cell Nucleus - genetics
Chromatin - genetics
Chromatin - metabolism
chromatin association
Gene Expression Regulation
hnrnpk
Humans
Noncoding RNA
nuclear retention
repeat
Review
RNA decay
RNA Stability
RNA Transport
RNA, Messenger - genetics
RNA, Messenger - metabolism
RNA, Untranslated - genetics
RNA, Untranslated - metabolism
splicing
u1 snRNP
xist
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Summary:The subcellular localization of RNAs correlates with their function and how they are regulated. Most protein-coding mRNAs are exported into the cytoplasm for protein synthesis, while some mRNA species, long noncoding RNAs, and some regulatory element-associated unstable transcripts tend to be retained in the nucleus, where they function as a regulatory unit and/or are regulated by nuclear surveillance pathways. While the mechanisms regulating mRNA export and localization have been well summarized, the mechanisms governing nuclear retention of RNAs, especially of noncoding RNAs, are seldomly reviewed. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the mechanistic study of RNA nuclear retention, especially for noncoding RNAs, from the angle of cis-acting elements embedded in RNA transcripts and their interaction with trans-acting factors. We also try to illustrate the general principles of RNA nuclear retention and we discuss potential areas for future investigation.
ISSN:1547-6286
1555-8584
DOI:10.1080/15476286.2021.1894025