The relationship between motor milestone achievement and childhood motor deficits in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

• Published in: Research in developmental disabilities 2021-06, Vol.113, p.103920-103920, Article 103920
• Main Authors: Lee, Jenna, Mayall, Leighanne A., Bates, Kathryn E., Hill, Elisabeth L., Leonard, Hayley C., Farran, Emily K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Attention; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Developmental Coordination Disorder; Motor
• ISSN: 0891-4222; 1873-3379
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103920

•A high proportion of children with ADHD present with motor impairment.•Children with ADHD achieve early motor milestones within a typical timeframe.•Motor ability is not associated with ADHD characteristics.•Individual differences analysis is important to understand heterogeneity in ADHD.•Many children with ADHD or DCD have a common profile of motor & ADHD characteristics. The prevalence of motor impairment is high in ADHD, but we do not know if this stems from infancy. 1) to compare the acquisition of motor milestones across three groups: Typically Developing (TD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD); 2) to determine the relationship between current motor ability and ADHD characteristics in children with ADHD. The parents of children aged 8–16 years (ADHD, N = 100; DCD, N = 66; TD, N = 40) completed three online questionnaires: Motor milestone questionnaire; Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ’07) (concurrent motor ability); Conners 3 Parent Rating Scale Long Form (ADHD characteristics). When considered as a group, the ADHD group achieved motor milestones within a typical timeframe, despite concurrent motor impairments. Motor ability was not associated with ADHD characteristics. Latent Profile Analysis demonstrated that 56 % of the ADHD group and 48 % of the DCD group shared the same profile of motor milestone achievement, concurrent motor ability and ADHD characteristics. Unlike children with DCD, the motor impairment often observed in ADHD is not evident from infancy. It is also not part of the ADHD phenotype. Individual differences analysis demonstrated the broad heterogeneity of the ADHD phenotype.