Natural photosensitizers from Tripterygium wilfordii and their antimicrobial photodynamic therapeutic effects in a Caenorhabditis elegans model

• Published in: Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology Biology, 2021-05, Vol.218, p.112184-112184, Article 112184
• Main Authors: Alam, Seemi Tasnim, Hwang, Hoseong, Son, Jong Dai, Nguyen, Uyen Tram Tu, Park, Jin-Soo, Kwon, Hak Cheol, Kwon, Jaeyoung, Kang, Kyungsu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antiinfectives and antibacterials; Antimicrobial activity; Antimicrobial agents; Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; Bacteria; Caenorhabditis elegans; Drug resistance; Growth rate; Herbal medicine; High performance liquid chromatography; Imidazole; Inactivation; Liquid chromatography; Medicinal plants; Methicillin; Microorganisms; Nematodes; Pathogens; Photosensitizer; Side effects; Singlet oxygen; Spectrometry; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus infections; Streptococcus infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Survivability; Tripterygium wilfordii; Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f; Worms
• ISSN: 1011-1344; 1873-2682
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112184

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. is a traditional medicinal plant and has long been used in East Asia to treat many diseases. However, the extract and active components have never been investigated as potential photosensitizers for photodynamic treatment to kill pathogenic microorganisms. Here, the antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (APDT) effects of the extract, fractions, and compounds of T. wilfordii were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Ethanolic extract (TWE) and the photosensitizer-enriched fraction (TW-F5) were prepared from dried T. wilfordii. Six active compounds were isolated from TW-F5 by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and their chemical structures were characterized through spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis. The singlet oxygen from extracts, fractions, and compounds was measured by using the imidazole-N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline method. These extracts, fractions, and compounds were used as photosensitizers for the inactivation of bacteria and fungi by red light at 660 nm. The in vitro APDT effects were also evaluated in the model animal Caenorhabditis elegans. APDT with TWE showed effective antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Candida albicans. TW-F5, consisting of six pheophorbide compounds, also showed strong APDT activity. The photosensitizers were taken up into the bacterial cells and induced intracellular ROS production by APDT. TWE and TW-F5 also induced a strong APDT effect in vitro against skin pathogens, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes. We evaluated the APDT effects of TWE and TW-F5 in C. elegans infected with various pathogens and found that PDT effectively controlled pathogenic bacteria without strong side effects. APDT reversed the growth retardation of worms induced by pathogen infection and decreased the viable pathogenic bacterial numbers associated with C. elegans. Finally, APDT with TWE increased the survivability of C. elegans infected with S. pyogenes. In summary, TWE and TW-F5 were found to be effective antimicrobial photosensitizers in PDT. [Display omitted] •T. wilfordii extract (TWE) and fraction (TW-F5) contain photosensitizers.•Photosensitizers are taken up by S. aureus and APDT generates intracellular ROS.•TWE and TW-F5 show APDT effects against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi.•APDT ameliorates symptoms in C. elegans infected with various pathogenic bacteria.