Clinical significance of pathologic abnormalities in biopsy samples from the appendiceal orifice

• Published in: Histopathology 2021-11, Vol.79 (5), p.751-757
• Main Authors: Castrodad‐Rodríguez, Carlos A., Choudhuri, Jui, El‐Jabbour, Tony, Cheng, Jerome, Westerhoff, Maria, Panarelli, Nicole C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: active inflammation; appendix; Appendix - pathology; Biopsy; Case-Control Studies; chronic inflammation; Clinical significance; Cohort Studies; Colitis - pathology; Colitis, Ulcerative - pathology; Collagen; Colon; Colon - pathology; Colonoscopy; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation - pathology; Inflammatory bowel disease; Inflammatory bowel diseases; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - pathology; Intestinal Mucosa - pathology; Intestine; Iron Deficiencies; Iron deficiency; Male; microscopic colitis; Middle Aged; Mucosa; Nutrient deficiency; Patients; Polyps; Ulcerative colitis
• ISSN: 0309-0167; 1365-2559
• DOI: 10.1111/his.14418

Aims Appendiceal orifice mucosa often appears inflamed endoscopically, even when other colonic segments appear normal. Histological findings in biopsy samples taken from endoscopically abnormal mucosa may simulate a variety of inflammatory colitides. We performed this study to evaluate the clinical implications of inflammatory changes isolated to the appendiceal orifice. Methods and results In this double cohort study, biopsy samples from 26 histologically abnormal appendiceal orifices were reviewed. Twenty‐five control cases were culled from endoscopically normal (n = 11) and abnormal (n = 14) appendiceal orifices that were histologically normal. Histological findings were correlated with presentation, medication history, findings at other colonic sites and clinical outcomes. Study cases displayed active inflammation (n = 12), chronic active inflammation (n = 13) or features simulating collagenous colitis (n = 1). Eighteen patients had biopsies taken from other colonic sites; these revealed benign polyps (n = 10) or displayed active (n = 4) or chronic active (n = 4) inflammation. All patients with findings isolated to the appendiceal orifice were asymptomatic at most recent clinical follow‐up. Four of eight (50%) of the patients with inflammation in other biopsy samples were ultimately diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, in keeping with the well‐established role of the appendix as a ‘skip lesion’ in that disorder. Control patients presented for screening colonoscopy (n = 19), iron deficiency anaemia (n = 3) or change in bowel habits (n = 3) and none reported gastrointestinal symptoms upon follow‐up, regardless of the endoscopic appearance of the appendiceal orifice. Conclusion Isolated inflammation of the appendiceal orifice mucosa should not be regarded as a feature of evolving inflammatory bowel disease or other types of chronic colitis.