Inhibition of lovastatin- and docosahexaenoic acid-initiated autophagy in triple negative breast cancer reverted resistance and enhanced cytotoxicity

• Published in: Life sciences (1973) 2020-10, Vol.259, p.118212-118212, Article 118212
• Main Authors: El-Ashmawy, Nahla E., Al-Ashmawy, Ghada M., Amr, Eman A., Khedr, Eman G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Apoptosis - drug effects; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B - genetics; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B - metabolism; Autophagy; Autophagy - drug effects; Autophagy - physiology; Autophagy-Related Protein 7 - metabolism; Breast cancer; breast neoplasms; Cancer therapies; cancer therapy; Cell Line, Tumor; cell lines; Cell Proliferation - drug effects; Chemoresistance; Chemotherapy; Chloroquine; Chloroquine - metabolism; Chloroquine - pharmacology; Cytotoxicity; DHA; Docosahexaenoic acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids - pharmacology; dose response; drug therapy; Drugs; Female; Fluctuations; Flux; Gene expression; Genes; Growth factors; Humans; Lovastatin; Lovastatin - pharmacology; MDR1; MDR1 protein; Multidrug resistance; multiple drug resistance; P-Glycoprotein; p62 Protein; Phagocytosis; protective effect; Proteins; resistance genes; TNBC; Toxicity; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - metabolism; Transforming growth factor-b1; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms - drug therapy; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms - metabolism; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms - physiopathology
• ISSN: 0024-3205; 1879-0631
• DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118212

Autophagy plays a complex role in breast cancer by suppressing or improving the efficiency of treatment. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line (MDA-MB-231) is associated with aggressive response and developing therapy resistance. MDA-MB-231 cells depend on autophagy for survival. Also, the potential benefits of autophagy inhibition in ameliorating developed chemotherapy resistance towards MDA-MB-231 remains to be elucidated. Despite showing anti-tumorigenic activities, the use of lovastatin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for treating different types of cancers is still limited. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of autophagy inhibition by chloroquine (CQ) in MDA-MB-231 cells resistance treated with lovastatin or DHA. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 30 μM lovastatin and/or 100 μM DHA for 48 h plus 20 μM CQ. Autophagic flux was assessed in association with the expression of multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1), transforming growth factor beta 1 gene (TGF-β1), and autophagy-related 7 gene (ATG7). Both drugs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, enhanced the autophagic flux represented by increased LC3BII protein concentration and decreased p62 protein concentration, and up-regulated the expression of MDR1, TGF-β1, and ATG7 genes. CQ addition enhanced the cytotoxicity of drugs and inhibited the autophagic flux which is detected by higher levels of LC3BII and p62 correlated with the reverted MDR1, TGF-β1 and ATG7 genes expression. Autophagy inhibition by CQ showed an ameliorative effect on lovastatin- and DHA-induced resistance and enhanced their cytotoxicity, providing a promising strategy in breast cancer therapy.