Is it necessary to add the eluate testing to the direct antiglobulin test to improve the detection of maternal erythrocyte alloantibodies?

• Published in: Transfusion and apheresis science 2021-10, Vol.60 (5), p.103177-103177, Article 103177
• Main Authors: Toro Espinosa, Leidy Alejandra, Jaramillo Arbeláez, Patricia, Gómez, Mónica, Restrepo Restrepo, Fabio, Franco, John Querubín
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alloimmunization; Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune - prevention & control; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic - chemistry; Blood Transfusion; Coombs Test - methods; DAT; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Elution; Erythrocytes - immunology; Fetal Blood - cytology; Humans; IAT; Infant, Newborn; Isoantibodies - chemistry; Isoantibodies - immunology; Predictive Value of Tests; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
• ISSN: 1473-0502; 1878-1683
• DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103177

The screening of umbilical cord blood samples by the Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) is the reference tool for the identification of maternal erythrocyte alloantibodies present in erythrocytes; however, its diagnostic usefulness is controversial. To evaluate the diagnostic validity, safety, and efficiency of the eluate testing (detection of antibody in erythrocyte eluates by the Indirect Antiglobulin Test/IAT) in cord blood samples for detection of maternal erythrocyte alloantibodies in comparison with the DAT. Evaluation study of diagnostic tests. DAT and eluate testing were performed in 306 cord blood samples from neonates born to mothers admitted at Clínica Somer in Rionegro, Colombia; then, antibodies present in the eluates were identified with erythrocyte panels. Percentage of positive results by DAT and IAT were compared with the Pearson's chi-square test and the agreement between both assays with the Cohen's kappa coefficient. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, safety, and efficiency of the eluate testing were calculated, taking into account the use of DAT as an imperfect reference test. The DAT detected alloantibodies in 6.21% of samples and the eluate testing in 14.1 %; the strength of agreement between both tests was moderate (k = 0.56) due to 25 discrepancies. The eluate testing showed sensitivity and specificity of 98.83 % and 92.31 % respectively, and a negative predictive value of 99.9 %. The diagnostic efficiency was sufficient for detection of maternal erythrocyte alloantibodies. The antibodies identified in the erythrocyte eluates were anti-A or anti-B (79.5 %), anti-D (136%), anti-C (2,3%), and anti-Fya (2,3%). The eluate testing in cord blood samples is a valid, safe, and efficient test for the diagnosis of maternal erythrocyte alloantibodies.