Multi-enzyme co-immobilized nano-assemblies: Bringing enzymes together for expanding bio-catalysis scope to meet biotechnological challenges

• Published in: International journal of biological macromolecules 2021-09, Vol.186, p.735-749
• Main Authors: Bilal, Muhammad, Hussain, Nazim, Américo-Pinheiro, Juliana Heloisa Pinê, Almulaiky, Yaaser Q., Iqbal, Hafiz M.N.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biocatalysis; Biotechnology; Carbon materials; Co-immobilization; Enzymes, Immobilized - chemistry; Enzymes, Immobilized - metabolism; Green Chemistry Technology; Metal Nanoparticles; Metal particles; Multienzyme Complexes - chemistry; Multienzyme Complexes - metabolism; Multienzymes; Nano-catalysis; Nanocarriers; Nanostructures; Nanotechnology; Polymeric cues; Polymers - chemistry; Silica; Silicon Dioxide - chemistry
• ISSN: 0141-8130; 1879-0003
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.064

Co-immobilization of multi-enzymes has emerged as a promising concept to design and signify bio-catalysis engineering. Undoubtedly, the existence and importance of basic immobilization methods such as encapsulation, covalent binding, cross-linking, or even simple adsorption cannot be ignored as they are the core of advanced co-immobilization strategies. Different strategies have been developed and deployed to green the twenty-first century bio-catalysis. Moreover, co-immobilization of multi-enzymes has successfully resolved the limitations of individual enzyme loaded constructs. With an added value of this advanced bio-catalysis engineering platform, designing, and fabricating co-immobilized enzymes loaded nanostructure carriers to perform a particular set of reactions with high catalytic turnover is of supreme interest. Herein, we spotlight the emergence of co-immobilization strategies by bringing multi-enzymes together with various types of nanocarriers to expand the bio-catalysis scope. Following a brief introduction, the first part of the review focuses on multienzyme co-immobilization strategies, i.e., random co-immobilization, compartmentalization, and positional co-immobilization. The second part comprehensively covers four major categories of nanocarriers, i.e., carbon based nanocarriers, polymer based nanocarriers, silica-based nanocarriers, and metal-based nanocarriers along with their particular examples. In each section, several critical factors that can affect the performance and successful deployment of co-immobilization of enzymes are given in this work.