MicroRNAs in Cancer: From Gene Expression Regulation to the Metastatic Niche Reprogramming

By 2003, the Human Genome project had been completed; however, it turned out that 97% of genome sequences did not encode proteins. The explanation came later when it was found the untranslated DNA contain sequences for short microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs that did not produce any mRNAs o...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biochemistry (Moscow) 2021-07, Vol.86 (7), p.785-799
Main Authors: Semina, Ekaterina V., Rysenkova, Karina D., Troyanovskiy, Konstantin E., Shmakova, Anna A., Rubina, Kseniya A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biochemistry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Bioorganic Chemistry
Cancer
Chemoresistance
Cytoplasm
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Exosomes
Gene expression
Gene regulation
Gene sequencing
Genes
Genetic aspects
Genetic regulation
Genomes
Genomics
Human Genome Project
Life Sciences
Metastases
Metastasis
Microbiology
MicroRNA
MicroRNAs
miRNA
Morphogenesis
Nucleotide sequence
Proteins
Regeneration
Review
Suppressors
Tumor cells
Tumorigenesis
Tumors
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Summary:By 2003, the Human Genome project had been completed; however, it turned out that 97% of genome sequences did not encode proteins. The explanation came later when it was found the untranslated DNA contain sequences for short microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs that did not produce any mRNAs or tRNAs, but instead were involved in the regulation of gene expression. Initially identified in the cytoplasm, miRNAs have been found in all cell compartments, where their functions are not limited to the degradation of target mRNAs. miRNAs that are secreted into the extracellular space as components of exosomes or as complexes with proteins, participate in morphogenesis, regeneration, oncogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance of tumor cells. miRNAs play a dual role in oncogenesis: on one hand, they act as oncogene suppressors; on the other hand, they function as oncogenes themselves and inactivate oncosuppressors, stimulate tumor neoangiogenesis, and mediate immunosuppressive processes in the tumors, The review presents current concepts of the miRNA biogenesis and their functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus with special focus on the noncanonical mechanisms of gene regulation by miRNAs and involvement of miRNAs in oncogenesis, as well as the authors’ opinion on the role of miRNAs in metastasis and formation of the premetastatic niche.
ISSN:0006-2979
1608-3040
DOI:10.1134/S0006297921070014