The Marlboro Men Don't Cry: Understanding the Gendered Perceptions of People Seeking Mental Health Care

• Published in: Journal of experimental psychology. Applied 2022-06, Vol.28 (2), p.423-437
• Main Authors: Li, Tianyi, Gal, David
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Female; Femininity; Health Care Seeking Behavior; Help Seeking Behavior; Human; Male; Male Attitudes; Masculinity; Mental Health; Physical Disorders; Social Norms; Social Perception
• ISSN: 1076-898X; 1939-2192
• DOI: 10.1037/xap0000360

Men are reluctant to seek help for depression. This is an important public health concern, and it has been largely attributed to the stigma attached to men who seek help. The present studies aim to understand the nature of such stigma. Specifically, are men who seek help for mental distress perceived to be less masculine and/or more feminine? Our findings suggest that symptomology, the diagnostic label, and targets' reaction to the symptoms jointly shape the gendered perceptions of help-seeking. In four experiments (N = 1118), participants read descriptions of targets with varying psychological or physical symptoms and provided masculinity and femininity ratings of the targets. People seeking help for internalizing symptoms (e.g., depressed moods) are perceived to be less masculine and more feminine than those seeking help for physical symptoms, yet the reverse pattern was found for people seeking help for externalizing symptoms (e.g., angry outbursts). In addition, the knowledge of a depression diagnosis decreased masculinity ratings and increased femininity ratings of male targets with physical symptoms (but not those with psychological symptoms), suggesting the power of labeling in shaping perceptions. Importantly, seeking help affects how men are perceived above and beyond symptomology: Men who downplay physical symptoms are perceived to be more masculine; whereas those who seek help for psychological symptoms are perceived to be more feminine. The association between help-seeking and masculinity ideologies shapes person perception, particularly because help-seeking violates norms of masculinity. Public Significance Statement The stigma attached to mental health deters men from seeking help for mental health concerns. This study investigates the nature of such stigma and finds that symptomology, the diagnostic label, and the action of seeking help for (as opposed to downplaying) the symptoms shape masculinity and femininity ratings of help-seeking behaviors.