Toxicity of fluoroquinolones on the cladoceran Daphnia magna

• Published in: Water environment research 2021-12, Vol.93 (12), p.2914-2930
• Main Authors: Eluk, Dafna, Nagel, Orlando, Gagneten, Ana, Reno, Ulises, Althaus, Rafael
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Antibiotics; chronic toxicity; Ciprofloxacin; Ciprofloxacin - toxicity; Daphnia; Daphnia magna; Enrofloxacin; Fluoroquinolones; Fluoroquinolones - analysis; Fluoroquinolones - toxicity; Freshwater crustaceans; Hospital wastes; Lakes; Levofloxacin; Medical wastes; Multivariate analysis; multivariate Probit model; Norfloxacin; Ofloxacin; Quotients; Regression models; risk; Rivers; Toxicity; Waste Water - analysis; Wastewater; Wastewater treatment; Water analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity; Water sampling
• ISSN: 1061-4303; 1554-7531
• DOI: 10.1002/wer.1631

This study evaluates the acute and chronic toxicological effects of six fluoroquinolones on the mortality and growth of Daphnia magna. The NOECs calculated with the multivariate Probit regression model for the chronic study were 56 μg/L ciprofloxacin, 63 μg/L enrofloxacin, 78 μg/L levofloxacin, 85 μg/L marbofloxacin, 69 μg/L norfloxacin, and 141 μg/L ofloxacin. The risk quotients were determined using the measure environmental concentrations reported in water sources from different countries. The risks were low and moderate in water samples from rivers and lakes, although concentrations of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin reported in some countries can cause toxicological damage to D. magna. In addition, urban wastewater and hospital wastewater samples constitute a threat to D. magna (high and moderate risks), requiring the treatment of these wastewater. Practitioner points The NOECs calculated with the multivariate Probit model for the six fluoroquinolonas are between 56 μg/L ciprofloxacin and 141 μg/L ofloxacin. The levels of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin in urban wastewater and hospital wastewater produce moderate and high risks for D. magna. Water and river samples from some countries containing ciprofloxacin, norlfoxacin, and ofloxacin present high risks for D. magna. The chronic ecotoxicity study of D. magna indicates that the concentrations of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin reported in samples from Hospital Waste Water (HWW) and Urban Waste Water (UWW) present a high risk for this cladocero.