Fluence adaptation for contrast‐based dose optimization in x‐ray phase‐contrast imaging

• Published in: Medical physics (Lancaster) 2021-10, Vol.48 (10), p.6106-6120
• Main Authors: Wu, Chengpeng, Xing, Yuxiang, Zhang, Li, Chen, Zhiqiang, Zhu, Xiaohua, Zhang, Xi, Gao, Hewei
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: dose optimization; fluence adaptation; grating‐based imaging; x‐ray phase‐contrast imaging
• ISSN: 0094-2405; 2473-4209
• DOI: 10.1002/mp.15189

Purpose: X‐ray phase‐contrast imaging (XPCI) can provide multiple contrasts with great potentials for clinical and industrial applications, including conventional attenuation, phase contrast, and dark field. Grating‐based imaging (GBI) and edge‐illumination (EI) are two promising types of XPCI as the conventional x‐ray sources can be directly utilized. For the GBI and EI systems, the phase‐stepping acquisition with multiple exposures at a constant fluence is usually adopted in the literature.This work, however, attempts to challenge such a constant fluence concept during the phase‐stepping process and proposes a fluence adaptation mechanism for dose reduction. Method: Given the importance of patient radiation dose for clinical applications, numerous studies have tried to reduce patient dose in XPCI by altering imaging system designs, data acquisition, and information retrieval. Recently, analytic multiorder moment analysis has been proposed to improve the computing efficiency. In these algorithms, multiple contrasts can be calculated by summing together the weighted phase‐stepping curves (PSCs) with some kernel functions, which suggests us that the raw data at different steps have different contributions for the noise in retrieved contrasts. Therefore, it is possible to improve the noise performance by adjusting the fluence distribution during the phase‐stepping process directly. Based on analytic retrieval formulas and the Gaussian noise model for detected signals, we derived an optimal adaptive fluence distribution, which is proportional to the absolute weighting kernel functions and the root of original sample PSCs acquired under the constant fluence. Considering that the original sample PSC might be unavailable, we proposed two practical forms for the GBI and EI systems, which are also able to reduce the contrast noise when comparing with the constant fluence distribution. Since the kernel functions are target contrast‐dependent, our proposed fluence adaptation mechanism provides a way of realizing a contrast‐based dose optimization while keeping the same noise level. Results: To validate our analyses, simulations and experiments are conducted for the GBI and EI systems. Simulated results demonstrate that the dose reduction ratio between our proposed fluence distributions and the typical constant one can be about 20% for the phase contrast, which is consistent with our theoretical predictions. Although the experimental noise reduction ratios are a litt