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Rapid degradation of norfloxacin by VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 over a wide initial pH: Process parameters, synergistic mechanism, and influencing factors
Vacuum UV (VUV) technology has attracted much attention because it effectively splits water to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ and has the advantages of UV. So far, the synergistic mechanisms, formation pathways and contributions of ROS in VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 process have not been extensive...
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Published in: | Journal of hazardous materials 2021-08, Vol.416, p.125893-125893, Article 125893 |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | Vacuum UV (VUV) technology has attracted much attention because it effectively splits water to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ and has the advantages of UV. So far, the synergistic mechanisms, formation pathways and contributions of ROS in VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 process have not been extensively studied. Herein, complete removal (at 4 min) and 63.3% mineralization (at 8 min) of 45 μM norfloxacin (NOR) were achieved at neutral pH by VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 (90 μM Fe2+ and 3 mM H2O2). Compared with its subsystems, VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 can not only increase the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant of NOR removal by 2.3–14.9 times and increase the mineralization by 20.4−59.4%, but also reduce the residual ratio of H2O2 by 19.9−70.1% and reduce total cost by 20.0−68.0%. The synergy factor of VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 was 3.97, which was attributed to the VUV irradiation promoting iron redox cycle and H2O2 decomposition. Moreover, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical, which were identified as the main ROS, contributed 79.07% and 18.47% to NOR removal, respectively. Degradation pathways of NOR were proposed. Furthermore, effects of coexisting ions and dissolved organic matter were investigated. As an energy-saving and efficient process, the satisfactory results of VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 applied in real waters also highlight its application potential.
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•Fe2+ enhanced VUV/H2O2 efficiency in a wide initial pH.•The synergistic mechanisms in VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 process were revealed.•The formation pathways of HO• and O2⋅− in VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 process were proposed.•HO• and O2⋅− were main ROS and their contributions to NOR removal were quantified.•The cost of VUV/Fe2+/H2O2 was much lower than that of VUV or VUV/H2O2 process. |
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ISSN: | 0304-3894 1873-3336 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125893 |