Development and Validation of the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES)

• Published in: Appetite 2022-01, Vol.168, p.105689-105689, Article 105689
• Main Authors: Carrière, Kimberly, Shireen, Syeda Huma, Siemers, Nellie, Preißner, Christian Erik, Starr, Joshua, Falk, Carl, Knäuper, Bärbel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Awareness; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Hunger; Mindful eating; Mindfulness; Non-judgment; Non-reactance; Reproducibility of Results; Scale; Surveys and Questionnaires; Validation
• ISSN: 0195-6663; 1095-8304
• DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105689

Previous mindful eating scales stress the attentional domains of eating-specific mindfulness, such as present-moment attention to homeostatic cues of hunger and satiety while discounting other important domains such as non-judgment and decentering. The purpose of the series of studies was to develop and evaluate a multifaceted mindful eating scale that assesses several domains of eating-specific mindfulness. A multistep process was used to construct the Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES). Study 1 outlined the initial scale construction and the development of a novel item pool (N = 480). Study 2 examined the internal structure of the observed variables using exploratory analysis (N = 445) and confirmatory analysis in a separate sample (N = 445). Reliability and validity were assessed in Study 3 (N = 166). The final scale consists of 29 items with 4 factors: Non-Reactance, Non-Judgment, External Awareness, and Internal Awareness. The FFaMES demonstrated good internal consistency, retest reliability as well as preliminary convergent and divergent validity. Our findings provide reliability evidence and initial support for the construct validity of the FFaMES and the continued study of multiple facets of eating-specific mindfulness. Future research should continue to investigate the differential effects of various aspects of eating-specific mindfulness in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.