Application of artificial neural networks to predict the heavy metal contamination in the Bartin River

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2020-12, Vol.27 (34), p.42495-42512
• Main Authors: Ucun Ozel, Handan, Gemici, Betul Tuba, Gemici, Ercan, Ozel, Halil Baris, Cetin, Mehmet, Sevik, Hakan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptive sampling; Adaptive systems; Aquatic Pollution; Artificial intelligence; Artificial neural networks; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Contamination; Copper; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Fuzzy logic; Heavy metals; Inference; Iron; Lead; Manganese; Metal concentrations; Multilayer perceptrons; Neural networks; Nickel; Research Article; Rivers; viability; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Zinc
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10156-w

In this study, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) analyses were performed, and the results were modelled by artificial neural networks (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Samples were taken from 3 stations selected on the Bartin River for 1 year between December 2012 and December 2013. Radial basis neural network (RBANN), multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks models, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were applied to the data in order to predict the heavy metal concentrations. As a result of the study, the RMSE and MAE values of all the heavy metal models were found to have very low error values during the test phase, and it was found that the models created using MLP had R 2 values higher than 0.77 during the test phase; the test phase R 2 values of the models using RBN method were found to be ranging between 0.773 and 0.989, and the test phase R 2 value of the ANFIS model was higher than 0.80. If sorted from the best model to the worst by taking the MAE and RMSE values into consideration based on the test evaluation results, according to the heavy metal types, where all of the MLP, RBN, and ANFIS models were generally approximate to each other, RBN was successful for Cu, Zn, and Mn, while MLP model was successful for Ni and ANFIS model for Fe and Pb. According to the results, it can be inferred that the heavy metal contents can be estimated approximately with artificial intelligence models and relatively easy-to-measure parameters; it will be possible to detect heavy metals which are harmful to the viability of the rivers, both quickly and economically.