Umbilical cord blood culture in neonatal early-onset sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

• Published in: Pediatric research 2022-08, Vol.92 (2), p.362-372
• Main Authors: Dierikx, Thomas H., van Kaam, Anton H. L. C., de Meij, Tim G. J., de Vries, Ralph, Onland, Wes, Visser, Douwe H.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Diagnostic tests; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Meta-analysis; Pediatric Surgery; Pediatrics; Sepsis; Systematic Review; Umbilical cord
• ISSN: 0031-3998; 1530-0447
• DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01792-0

Background Peripheral blood culture (PBC) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS), but its diagnostic value can be questioned. We aimed to systematically asses the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) of umbilical cord blood culture (UCBC) for EOS. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Studies performing UCBC for the diagnosis of EOS were included. Results A total of 1908 articles were screened of which 17 were included. Incidences of positive PBC and UCBC were low in all studies. There was a large heterogeneity in the consistency between positive PBC and UCBC outcomes. PBC had a pooled sensitivity of 20.4% (95% CI 0.0–40.9) and specificity of 100.0% (95% CI 100.0–100.0) compared to 42.6% (95% CI 12.7–72.4%) and 97.8% (95% CI 93.1–100.0) of UCBC for clinical EOS, defined as clinical sepsis regardless of PBC outcomes. Conclusions This systematic review shows that, compared to PBC, UCBC has higher sensitivity and comparable specificity for clinical EOS and might be considered as diagnostic test for EOS. Due to the limited number of studies, low incidences of EOS cases, and the imperfect reference standards for EOS, results should be interpreted cautiously. Impact This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the diagnostic test accuracy of umbilical cord blood culture for neonatal early-onset sepsis. Peripheral blood culture is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of neonatal early-onset sepsis, but its value for this specific diagnosis can be questioned. Umbilical cord blood culture has higher sensitivity and comparable specificity for diagnosis of neonatal early-onset sepsis compared to peripheral blood culture, circumventing the risk for iatrogenic anemia and consequently might be used as a diagnostic tool for early-onset sepsis. Quality of evidence was regarded as low due to imperfect diagnostic methods of neonatal early-onset sepsis.